嗯,添加另一位德国威胁到美国国家安全的的雨披未来为Movento(如果你对联合国的关心)。 叛国环保局无能的情况下适用? -DNR(感谢格里斯特先生菲尔波特伟大的工作!)
周三公布的内部EPA备忘录确认,非常机构,负责保护环境,忽略约尼丁,农药拜耳自己的科学家警告,在2009年累计 1.83亿美元欧元(约合262万美元),在销售的。
尼丁已被广泛用于玉米,美国最大的作物,自2003年以来。 供应商销售与预先处理的种子。 尼丁的新烟碱类杀虫剂的家庭其他成员一样,被“采取了植物的血管系统,并通过花粉和花蜜表示,”根据北美(PANNA),泄露的文件,除了农药的农药行动网络。 这种效果使剧毒作物的害虫 - 囤积花粉的蜜蜂,在美国经历过神秘每年大量相继死亡(称为“蜂群衰竭失调”)自2006年以来,至少也有害。
殖民地崩溃的现象是复杂的,还没有完全理解。 虽然有出现, 越来越多的证据指向农药 ,特别是新烟碱类(从尼古丁派生)的一个关键因素,是没有单一年度相继死亡原因。 和新烟碱类杀虫剂是在蜜蜂常去的生态系统相对较新的因素 - 在20世纪90年代末引进,这些系统性杀虫剂已获得了种子处理市场份额稳步上升。 它似乎并没有不公平的观察,蜜蜂人口的健康稳步较上年同期有所下降。
据PANNA,通常与其他作物尼丁包括油菜籽,大豆,甜菜,向日葵,小麦 - 美国最广泛种植的作物之间所有。 拜耳现在上访的EPA注册使用棉花和芥菜籽。
文件 [PDF],泄露给科罗拉多州的养蜂人汤姆·西奥博尔德,表明EPA的科学家已宣布对拜耳公司的代表,该机构曾使用尼丁登记证明进行的一项研究结果基本上拒绝。 他们重申关注,尼丁危及国家的蜜蜂健康的广泛使用。
上周四,我问环保局新闻发言人通过电子邮件,如果科学家们的意见,将激励机构从市场中移除尼丁。 发言人说,这位要求不被具名,但代表机构的记录传达,回答,尼丁将保留其注册,并在春季使用。
懦弱watchdogging
之前,我们挖掘更深入泄露的备忘录,重要的是要了解如何伤害蜜蜂种群杀虫剂来摆在首位毯的美国农田的巨大大片的遗憾故事。 这几乎是不可能不读它作为一个重要的公共监督,而不是横倾到它应该规范行业的故事。
与拜耳EPA的交易在这个特定的杀虫剂,负责保护环境的机构一直做行业的友好决定,违背自己的科学家得出的结论 - 并威胁到做抹了其关键授粉巨大的伤害我们的粮食体系。
根据一个时间线由PANNA提供,肮脏的故事开始的时候,拜耳先尼丁注册申请于2003年。 (所有的文件,我在下面的链接提供了,由PANNA我。)到2003年,美国养蜂人报告在整个冬季保持健康的荨麻疹的困难,但尚未对蜂群衰竭失调的规模。 在今年2月,EPA的环境命运和效应部(的EFED)隐瞒的尼丁登记,宣称它希望更多的证据表明,它不会伤害蜜蜂种群。
在一份备忘录 [PDF格式],EFAD科学家解释决定:
有毒暴露于非靶授粉的可能性,例如,蜜蜂通过易位需要实地测试,可以评估可能的慢性暴露于蜜蜂幼虫和王后EFED尼丁残留,从种子处理(玉米和油菜籽)的结果提示。 为了充分评估这种毒性作用的可能性,必须进行一个完整的工蜂的生命周期研究“(约63天)以及接触女王的评价。
因此,没有销售尼丁直到结束,如何花粉它注入的专家审查会影响工蜂和女王陛下。
再次,这是在2003年2月。 但在这一年的4月,短短两个月后,该机构退步。 “经过进一步考虑,”该机构在另一个备忘录中写道,美国环保局已决定给予尼丁“有条件注册” -意思是拜耳自由出售,处理器和种子免费将它应用到自己的产品。 (不要让我对环保局授予狡猾的化学品的习惯,开始“有条件注册”,才让他们数年甚至数十年的无管制使用。这是另一个故事。)
EPA的一个条件反射,它将如何影响蜜蜂的科学家的关注,拜耳完成的“慢性生命周期研究”,该机构已经要求2004年12月。 科学家直言不讳地重申他们的关注。 他们呼吁尼丁的影响“持久性”和“蜜蜂有毒”,并指出“开花农作物的花粉和花蜜中表达的潜力。”
这些担忧放在一边,“有条件注册”在手,拜耳尼丁介绍到美国市场,在2003年春天。 整个玉米种植带的农户种植与尼丁处理的种子,以及数十亿美元 - 如果不万亿 - 植物开始生产富含花粉与蜂杀的东西。
In March of 2004, Bayer requested an extension on its December deadline for delivering the life-cycle study. 蜜蜂做的事情做得最好的-幸好在玉米领域,而不是 照片: Purplekey在2004年3月,拜耳公司要求其12月提供的生命周期研究的最后期限延长。 [PDF格式]在3月11 备忘录 ,环保署同意,给化工巨头,直到2005年5月完成的研究。 尼丁继续从拜耳的工厂和玉米植株的花粉流动。
但环保局还转达了在本备忘录的关键决定:授予拜耳它曾试图在加拿大油菜籽进行其研究许可,而不是在美国玉米。 环保局的理由如下决定:
[油菜籽]对蜜蜂的吸引力[原文]将提供花粉和花蜜的蜜蜂曝光。 替代作物,如玉米,这是作为饲料作物的蜜蜂的吸引力,将提供从花粉接触,只。
养蜂专家举出这一决定的三个问题:
- 玉米生产远远超过不油菜籽花粉;
- 其花粉是蜜蜂更具吸引力;
- 油菜籽是一个在美国的次要作物,而玉米是最广泛种植单一作物。
接下来发生了什么......没有多少。 拜耳让限期完成的研究时隔环保局让拜耳保持销售尼丁,继续存放到千百万英亩的农田。
直到2007年8月,一年多后的最后期限,并拜耳提供的研究。 在二零零七年十一月备忘录 [PDF格式],EPA的科学家宣布的研究“科学合理”,“场与蜜蜂毒性试验为满足准则要求。”
beeing和虚无
那么什么是该项研究的详情,这取决于我们的小授粉的朋友的健康吗?
,环保局最初拒绝公开释放,促使由自然资源保护委员会的自由信息法案。 当环保局仍然拒绝释放它,自然资源保护委员会提起诉讼,以回应。 最终,这项研究被释放。 这里是 [PDF]
拜耳在加拿大圭尔夫大学的研究人员编写,这项研究是有点笑话。 研究人员创建了几个领域与的尼丁处理种子和匹配对照田种植的2.47亩,并放置在每个中心荨麻疹。 蜜蜂被允许自由走动。 问题是,在1.24至6.2英里范围内的蜜蜂饲料 - 测试蜜蜂吃饭的测试领域之外最有可能的意义。 更糟糕的是,测试和控制领域的种植密切相距968英尺,这意味着测试和控制蜜蜂进入对方的领域。
这并不奇怪,研究人员发现,“发生在蜜蜂的死亡率,工人长寿,或育雏发展整个研究过程的控制和治疗组之间无显着差异。”
科罗拉多州的养蜂人,谁得到了泄露的备忘录,汤姆·西奥博尔德,严厉地对我周四的电话评估研究。 “想象一下,你是一个农场主,试图找出如果有毒杂草危害你的奶牛,”他说。 他说:“如果你在两亩种植杂草,让奶牛自由漫游超过50亩郁郁葱葱的蒙大拿州草,你不会了解很多杂草。”
在宾夕法尼亚州立大学的昆虫学教授,詹姆斯·弗雷泽,同意。 弗雷泽2006年以来一直在研究的殖民地崩溃的障碍。 “当我在研究的时候,”他在电话采访中告诉我,“我马上想到它是无效的。”
与此同时,拜耳继续出售其有条件注册下尼丁。 然后,于今年4月22日,美国环保局终于结束了尼丁的“有条件的”炼狱长时间-给予正式注册。
机构赐予其新的地位悄悄的蜜蜂,杀害农药;据我所知,,只有它的公众确认通过的对西奥博尔德的努力,谁是极其他自己的养蜂在科罗拉多州的玉米国家业务的命运担心了。 西奥博尔德转发,我11月29日与梅雷迪斯法律的电子邮件交流,EPA的除草剂部门的杀虫剂项目办公室主任,他会书面询问尼丁的登记状态。 值得引述的全部法律的答复是:
尼丁被授予为2010年4月22日,玉米和油菜籽种子处理用无条件注册。 EPA发布了新的预告登记,但没有任何文件,承认从有条件到无条件的变化。 这是一个风险管理决策的基础上实现的数据需求和接受或承认的数据提交评论。
因此,环保局给拜耳和可疑的农药,甚至没有费心去让公众知道一个完整的通。
请只蜜蜂非常小心,
现在,我们得到的泄露的备忘录 [PDF格式]。 据11月2日 - 3周前法“的答复,以西奥博尔德。 它涉及到拜耳的努力扩大到棉花和芥菜尼丁的批准使用。 撰写的两位科学家在EPA的环境命运和效应部 - 生态学家约瑟夫倒出和化学家迈克尔·巴雷特 - 备忘录尼丁对蜜蜂的影响表示严重关切:
尼丁的主要风险值得关注的是对非目标昆虫(即蜜蜂)。
尼丁是一种新烟碱类杀虫剂,持久性和系统性。 蜜蜂的急性毒性研究表明,尼丁一个接触和口头上是非常有毒的。 虽然的EFED不进行...风险评估,对非目标昆虫,从标准的测试和实地考察的信息,以及事故报告,涉及其他新烟碱类杀虫剂(如吡虫啉)蜜蜂和其他有益的建议潜在的长期毒性风险昆虫。
真正有杀伤力的是,研究人员基本上是无效的拜耳公司资助的研究 - 即,学习上完全注册的化学环保局基于尼丁的登记。 谈到农药,作者写道:
先前的实地研究[即,拜耳研究]研究尼丁整个蜂房参数上的影响是可以接受的分类。 然而,这更多的信息,实地考察后,另一审查,不足之处,呈现研究的补充。它并不满足850.3040指引,和其他领域的研究需要评估尼丁的影响,对通过受污染的花粉和花蜜的蜜蜂。 曝光通过被污染的花粉和花蜜和潜在的毒性作用,因此仍然是一个不确定性授粉。[重点煤矿。
所以,在这里我们有环保局的研究人员,明确无效的研究上尼丁玉米获得注册。 但是,尽管这一信息被公开,我上面写的,环保局已表示,它没有计划改变化学的地位。
数百万英亩的农田将在2011年生长季节,绽放与尼丁股价花粉 - 蜜蜂,健全的科学,被定罪。
现在,我与环保局的信件中,该机构已否认拜耳研究从“接受”降级“补充”,这意味着该机构应被迫尼丁批准。 我在周四的电子邮件,该机构发表了拜耳研究跛行国防,矛盾自己的科学家和没有解决它的批评:
EPA的评价研究,确定它包含有用的信息机构的风险评估。 研究发现,大多数监测荨麻疹,包括那些暴露在上赛季尼丁,幸存下来的越冬期。
和淡化这项研究的重要性,拜耳公司的申请注册尼丁:问题的研究是“不是一个”核心“的EPA的研究声称,”该机构坚持。 “这是不是经常需要支持农药登记的研究。”
我跑了杰伊·费尔德曼的宣传泄露的文件组合作PANNA,除了农药,这种反应。 “我觉得环保局响应误导或误导性的,”他告诉我。 “本文线索是明确的。 我们谈论的是由EPA需要一个坏的研究[中央]这种化学物质的登记。“
费尔德曼的评估似乎证实了。 他指出,我回到上述联11月27日的文件中的EPA最初接受了拜耳研究。 在那里,第5页上,我们发现这样的说法:
具体来说,响应由加拿大有害生物管理局[农药及病虫害管理机构和美国环保局的要求进行测试;作为一个雨披[尼丁]在这些国家注册,拜耳要求调查长期条件长期毒性尼丁处理油菜籽觅食的蜜蜂。
显然,名誉扫地拜耳研究躺在尼丁的验收的核心。 (我已要求环保局官员接受记者采访时,他们可以谈知情和对有关事宜的纪录;要求匿名的发言人,在出版的时候,还在为寻找“合适的人,”我被告知通过电子邮件。)
刺痛评估
至少,我们有充分的证据,环保局一直忽视员工自身的科学家和绿色照明的广泛理解的化学品危害授粉的大规模部署的警告 - 在蜜蜂在坟墓的形状是时候。
但是为什么呢? 汤姆·西奥博尔德,科罗拉多州的养蜂人,谁打破了这个故事,冒险的答案。 “这是社团主义,法西斯主义的另一面,”他说。 “我不是针对企业,我认为他们有一个很好的模式。 但他们像孩子一样 - 我们必须遏制他们或他们失控。 EPA的应该做的。“
当政权更迭来到华盛顿在2008年,我们许多人希望,根据奥巴马的EPA将是一个更好的家长。 环保局局长丽莎·杰克逊继承了相当混乱,从她的前任,她面临着艰巨的挑战,对抗激烈的共和党和行业反对温室气体调节。
但作为关注的坐骑 - 从她自己的工作人员和其他地方 - 尼丁被伤害蜜蜂,有没有杰克逊的机构保持溺爱拜耳的借口。 弗雷泽,在宾夕法尼亚州的昆虫学家,把它给我这样:“。的拜耳研究是否是在核心研究环保局向登记尼丁,再有就是没有注册它的基础”,他敦促环保局以撤销注册以避免不必要的风险在我们的生态系统的关键球员-德国,法国,意大利,斯洛文尼亚和政府。
新技术发现的病原体,可能调和蜂群衰竭失调的矛盾索赔
由詹姆斯·菲舍尔
詹姆斯·菲舍尔( james.fischer @ gmail.com )
“The American Bee Journal ” ( http://www.american beejournal.com )
( 期刊 PLoS ONE禁运,直至10/06/2010下午5:00东部时间)
A multi-institutional team of researchers sifted through the ever-growing zoo of new invasive, exotic pathogens of bees, and consistently found the same two disease organisms in beehives suffering from Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in samples collected from 2006 to 2009.
他们发现了一个在北美之前从未见过的新病毒,并发现了一个知名的肠道蜂病微孢子虫的侵袭变种。 忽视病毒也许可以解释为什么以前的研究提出了相互矛盾的结果。 这一新的证据,可以创建一个研究团队谁的日期达成共识的基础上,在他们的结论缺乏共同点。
他们的论文出现在 Plos只有几分钟前( http://dx.plos.org / 10.1371/journal.pone.0013181 )
本文报告了蜂群衰竭失调的多年研究。 研究人员利用新的技术和工艺,检测和明确地识别每病原体在倒塌的蜂箱,而不是通过其他手段检测到可能的病原体较小的子集。
无脊椎动物虹彩病毒(IIV“),新发现的组合与微孢子虫ceranae,其中来自海外的少最近抵达,在北美,”几乎所有从CCD殖民地蜜蜂“,从广泛的采样分散的美国荨麻疹2006年至2009年。
IIV没有发现蜜蜂从包进口来自澳大利亚,也不在蜜蜂从一个孤立的候鸟在蒙大拿州的非商业蜜蜂操作,这两个网站证实免费CCD样的症状。
此外,研究人员观察到一个崩溃的殖民地CCD的进展......服用蜂样本超过3个月内,结束时,只有皇后和四名工人仍然。“
Further still, some bees were inoculated with Nosema ceranae , while other bees were inoculated with the “IIV-6” strain of the IIV virus. 其死亡率接种两种病原体的蜜蜂相比,对照组服用安慰剂。 结果“强烈建议结合北路ceranae和IIV蜜蜂死亡率增加相关。”
然而,即使是进一步的努力发现了另外两个外来入侵蜜蜂以前从未在北美发现的病毒,但有决心,他们并没有参与在CCD。 发现的病毒是“瓦析构-1病毒”和“角五病毒”,同时向亚洲的本土。
Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk of U Montana outlined the next steps, “We have a proposal pending to isolate, characterize, and then inoculate bees with the specific iridescent virus that occurs in USA bees. 这是关键的一步,因为病毒没有出现,是世界上已知的虹彩病毒。 Once we have the actual virus, we can complete the inoculation trials that are needed to test whether we've truly found the cause of CCD.”
蛋白质组学-小结
在这项研究中所使用的技术似乎为解决日益增长的名单进行横渡大洋,贸易全球化的病原体的理想选择。 它可以检测疾病的病原体,不需要任何已知的病原体相同。 This describes the needs of beekeepers clearly, given the number of invasives that came to plague honey bees in the USA since the early 1980s.
“基于质谱的蛋白质组学研究”(MSP)的约60蜜蜂扔在搅拌机开始,直到均匀混合,然后过滤。 细胞化学爆裂,从混合蛋白质分离和“消化”,打破了他们以肽。 通过一个被称为“液相色谱仪”来分隔它们的密度,这使得它们的结构和序列,由另一套设备,“串联质谱仪”确定的设备运行产生的肽。
Each peptide sequence is then compared to the NIH National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) database of peptide sequences. 数据库使用的是一个特定生物体的多肽独特的集合。 这意味着,每一个肽序列匹配一个单一的有机体是一个独特的比赛。 在使用超过一个有机体的任何肽不会在数据库中。
美国陆军埃奇伍德化学生物中心博士查尔斯威克解释与该病毒在殖民地的CCD症状的检测水平肯定:“IIV有18,900独特的多肽...当我们发现了其中的一些,说50-100,我们有一个明确的鉴定足够的证据。“
But how did they make what Dr. Wick called an “unambiguous identification” of a virus that was said by Dr. Bromenshenk to not be “any of the world's known iridescent viruses”? How can anyone find what's never even been detected or identified before? The answer is that the unknown organism will match the closest organism in the database, which narrows things down to at least the “family” or “genus” level, if not “species”. 因此,测序IIV利益的具体应变,即使没有足够的肽匹配数据库中的IIV应变确认,发现了什么是IIV应变。
作为该技术的广泛净投的例子,微孢子虫是没有在NCBI数据库中的代表,所以有一些模棱两可的鉴定通过蛋白质组学仅微孢子虫,匹配只属微孢子虫。 被确认为微孢子虫ceranae采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术的种类和应变。
在西班牙的索赔主要可以解释
Research led by Mariano Higes of the Bee Pathology Laboratory, Centro Apícola Regional in Marchamalo, Spain has repeatedly pointed to Nosema ceranae as the sole proximate cause of rapid colony collapse. 这似乎不太可能在美国和其他地方的研究人员,作为微孢子虫一直没有出现,是西班牙以外剧毒。 但这一新的工作提供了一个解释,可以支持没有超过新检测IIV此外Higes工作。
As in previous US studies, no one in Spain would have had reason to suspect that a DNA virus like IIV would be involved, as the bulk of bee viruses are RNA viruses. 因此,他们已经寻找在西班牙IIV,他们还没有发现是正在寻求更广泛的MSP净。 好消息是,博士Higes已冻结的历史样本。 博士的杰里Bromenshenk报告,Higes队是愿意从事筛选西班牙样品使用MSP共同努力。
这说明在美国的CCD?
在这项研究中分析了样品表现出广泛的病原体,包括微孢子虫,无脊椎动物虹彩病毒(IIV“),黑皇后细胞病毒,急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒,以色列急性麻痹病毒,变形翼病毒,SAC母巢之战病毒,克什米尔蜜蜂病毒,垃圾焚烧瓦-1病毒,角五病毒。 没有其他研究工作命名为犯罪嫌疑人的病原体被错过了,两个新颖的病原体被发现,和MSP的使用意味着没有病原体被忽视。 Even a new, unknown, and unnamed pathogen would have resulted in a partial peptide match to some other living thing.
所以,计数或病原体的混合可能已经倾斜样品采集样品,或从操作的数量不足的数量不足,这是很难想象有其他尚未被发现的病原体,可在CCD牵连。
不安全的关于生物安全
20世纪80年代以来,“全球化”已越来越多地从亚洲西部海岸港口的货物运输。 本研究连接点,通过不断寻找特定的蜜蜂病原体原产于亚洲,在20世纪80年代初,美国养蜂人未知,但已成为太熟悉:
“We know that in the Asian honey bee, Apis ceranae, a combination of parasites and pathogens co-exist, including: (1) Nosema ceranae, (2) an iridescent virus, (3) parasitic and predacious mites, and (4) two other RNA-type viruses, Kashmir bee virus and a Sacbrood virus. We have had both Kashmir bee virus and Nosema ceranae in North America going back a decade or more. 我们需要看到类似的虹彩病毒的CCD应变的从蜜蜂ceranae IIV-24菌株。 这是可能的,美国的蜜蜂微孢子虫ceranae和克什米尔蜜蜂病毒从蜜蜂ceranae的一起收购IIV。“
虽然未经证实的“边缘”的CCD解释比比皆是,包括从手机到转基因作物的农药,常见的因素是,以前只发现在亚洲的病原体缺乏有效的生物安全的国家,如美国,也蔓延到了,但不能与更多的国家强大的生物安全的方法,如新西兰。 该研究小组建议“检疫标准做法,如进口蜜蜂的测试之前,他们加入到殖民地,消毒设备,可能会帮助。”
Practical Implications For Beekeepers
团队到养蜂人的利益有两个建议:
- “在约21℃(70°F)大多数IIVs复制和不复制30-32℃(86 - 89 F)以上。 Higher temperatures may suppress the virus by halting replication, whereas cool weather and damp conditions may speed up replication of both IIV and Nosema. CCD许多情况下发生长时间的凉爽,潮湿的天气。 Several beekeepers have reported to us that they have more problems with bees in areas with frequent fog or in hill areas where the weather is cooler. 蜜蜂放置在温暖,阳光充足的地点出现,以帮助“。
- “蜂螨可能充当的IIV蜂群之间的传播载体。 Varroa is known to increase damage caused by other viruses, and beekeepers who fail to control varroa levels are likely to sustain high colony losses.”
这可能听起来很像,但它是一个巨大的进步我们已经移交约“保持强大的殖民地”和“减少压力”超过了一般的空泛的陈词滥调。 它还UPS在养蜂人之间的年龄岁以上放置在太阳荨麻疹与放置在阴凉处荨麻疹的辩论赌注。
“虹彩病毒和微孢子相连蜂蜜蜂群下降”
杰里·Bromenshenk,科林·B.亨德森,查尔斯·H·威克,迈克尔·F·斯坦福,艾伦·W·Zulich,Rabih E.雅布尔,萨米尔五德什潘德,帕特里克·E.麦卡宾,罗伯特A Seccomb,菲利普研究韦尔奇,特雷弗·威廉姆斯,戴维·R·弗思,埃文Skowronski的Margaret M.莱曼,山属Bilimoria,乔安娜格雷斯,凯文·W·沃纳,小罗伯特·A·克拉默
(2010) PLoS ONE 5(10): e13181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013181
Jim Fischer keeps bees in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx, and hopes to raise queens in Queens. He teaches the free 16-week full-semester urban beekeeping class in New York's Central Park for the 846-member non-profit NYC Beekeeping Group ( http://meetup.com/nyc-beekeeping ) and helps run the Gotham City Honey Co-Op ( http://GothamCityBees.com ).
More evidence. I'm happy to elevate these articles to higher readership. -DNR
http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/43568
Aug 27, 2010
在蜜蜂下滑牵连的杀虫剂
蜜蜂,黄蜂和许多其它昆虫正在缓慢持久使用,以保护农作物的杀虫剂中毒身亡。 小剂量的有毒化学物质的积累随着时间的推移,这意味着不存在安全暴露水平。 这是从最近的研究结论,在寻找一个常用的类杀虫剂的长期影响。
由于他们在花间嗡嗡声,蜜蜂,蛾和食蚜蝇,开展一项至关重要的工作。 围绕一个三分之一的农作物授粉这些忙碌的昆虫,是值得£440马年的英国经济的服务。
但近年来,这些宝贵的授粉已经苦苦挣扎,与人口暴跌全球。 特别的蜜蜂已患,蜂群衰竭失调(CCD)的 - 蜜蜂沙漠蜂房现象 - 在欧洲和北美更常见。
争议解决这个问题一直盘旋,一切从手机到转基因作物已指责。 现在,新的研究表明,杀虫剂都发挥了重要作用。
最近期的研究已经露出了各种各样的昆虫,在很长一段时期不同剂量的烟碱类杀虫剂 - 12个月或以上。 新烟碱类杀虫剂,被广泛应用于世界各地的,他们通过昆虫的中央神经系统的工作。 化学品有小的脊椎动物的神经系统的亲和力,所以它们是哺乳动物和鸟类的毒性要少得多。
研究人员发现,杀虫剂杀昆虫所需的总剂量较小,如果超过一个较长的一段时间内(管理生态毒物学(2009)18:343-354 )。 在蜜蜂的情况下,需要高达6000倍的杀虫剂被杀死他们,如果它在多个小剂量的管理,在一个较长的一段时间。
据亨克Tennekes,研究人员在实验的毒理学服务中心(ETS)在荷兰,这些发现非常有意义。 “开始考虑高暴露水平,”他说。 “这可能会导致早期的影响,如癌症或死亡。 在暴露水平要低得多,你可能会得到一晚的效果。 然而,事实证明,在后一种情况下你需要的东西(总)产生的影响少得多。“Tennekes在即将发表的论文中介绍毒理学的结果。
那么,如何才能实现这些杀虫剂这样一个强大的长期影响? 答案在于,他们的工作方式。 新烟碱类昆虫在中央神经系统受体结合不可逆转。 “昆虫有这种受体的数量有限,解释说:”吉荣的van der Sluijs公司,在荷兰的乌得勒支大学的科学家,谁也对这个问题的工作。 “伤害是累积的每一个接触更多的受体被阻断,直到伤害是如此之大,昆虫不能正常工作了模具。”
过短的时间内,即使小剂量可以导致严重的问题。 低剂量的昆虫已经观察到,成为迷失了方向,并在他们的动作不太协调,使它们更容易为天敌捕食。 像这样的亚致死效应削弱的昆虫,特别是危害社会性昆虫,这取决于对整个殖民地的生存健康。
现在它仍然是不可能的说,如果新烟碱类杀虫剂是蜜蜂的CCD的唯一原因,但它很可能是他们发挥了重要作用。 Van der Sluijs公司“,说:”这说明在CCD的快速增长,自2004年以来,在世界范围内使用的新烟碱类杀虫剂的快速增长相吻合 - 最广泛使用的杀虫剂类。
目前常用的杀虫剂是大衣种子,不管是否有很多害虫或不。 他们很容易浸出,进入土壤和水,并采取了容易被植物,使整个工厂的有毒昆虫。 作为新的研究表明,即使在非常低的水平,他们有可能造成巨大的破坏昆虫种群。 Tennekes“,说:”我认为这些杀虫剂必须由少长寿命的替代品,是蜜蜂和毒性较低,不易淋溶取代。
关于作者
2010年3月30日 ,美国农业部(USDA)的农业研究服务与合作, 美国的养蜂场督察 ,进行自愿性的调查,以确定2009/2010年冬季的蜂群损失。 本次调查不仅是大量的蜂箱养蜂,即使是小规模的蜂农踊跃参加。 调查大约需要两分钟,完全是匿名的。
像这样的数据收集工作,了解蜜蜂有关的疾病影响的殖民地,包括蜂群衰竭失调可能是至关重要的。 这个问题的范围可能知之甚少。 据彼得·博斯特,前纽约州蜂房督察,没有人真正知道是多少蜂箱有。 美国农业部估计,在美国260万蜂群来自全国调查和农场调查 ,不计小养蜂场的数千(少于5荨麻疹)
管理爱好养蜂人。 博斯特的当地知识的基础上,多达90%的本地蜂农可能当选,不登记的状态 - 这是国家的调查数据开始。
谁参加更多的养蜂人,更多的数据,美国农业部有工作,这可能会帮助研究人员获得更接近了解令人困惑的问题,在我国农业的世界。 博士,研究在美国农业部蜜蜂研究实验室的负责人杰夫·佩蒂斯指出,去年,他们调查的养蜂人,谁管理,大约50万人的殖民地。 佩蒂斯希望今年的反应更大。 1
如果你知道有一个蜂巢或一百年的养蜂人,与他们分享这个信息。 良好的科研需要良好的数据。
亲爱的养蜂人:蜂房督察美国和美国农业部贝尔茨维尔蜜蜂研究实验室正在寻求你的帮助,在制表冬季损失发生在2009-2010年冬季。 这将继续从过去3年,友邦保险/美国农业部的调查已经在蜜蜂的损失量化为政府,媒体和研究人员的重要努力。
今年的调查是更快,更方便,并且不需要您的手机上的时间。 这是所有基于网络的和自动的,只需填写,然后按一下。
请花几分钟时间填写我们的冬季损失调查: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/beeloss0910
,直到2010年4月16日,将进行本次调查。
我们也欣赏它,如果你将这封邮件转发到其他的养蜂人。 更多的响应更好。 如果您有任何问题或疑虑,请的电子邮件beeloss@gmail.com ,或Honeybee.Survey @ aphis.usda.gov 。
提前感谢您的协助。
杰夫·佩蒂斯美国农业部贝尔茨维尔的蜜蜂研究实验室
丹尼斯vanEngelsdorp宾夕法尼亚州立大学
杰里·海斯;佛罗里达州农业部
杜威卡隆;特拉华大学和俄勒冈州立大学
什么雷切尔·卡森说,这个故事吗? 商业出版物读“程序问题”的头条新闻是什么让spirotetramat非法出售的回声室,而其他博客和报纸新闻稿的自旋(对蜜蜂的危害)的重点。 垄断市场的出版物,想告诉他们的读者/广告,它不禁止,因为证明有危害的授粉和生态系统(该死的经济摆在首位,支持相同的生态系统),没有被禁止,因为EPA和BayerCrop科学打破了法律 ,又名“程序”,捣毁了! 他们为什么不说“的法律问题导致禁止的农药”或“秘密法打破发现,导致农药禁令”或“自然资源保护委员会和Xerces看,而我们试图出售未 经环保局/公共批准的毒药,他们抖出旨在保护人民从该公司的“科学和公共法律的名义? (见证据生态室 )这个故事揭示了欺诈和欺骗,是拜耳和旋转门EPA的亲信。 它很容易出售他们的毒药,在中国和巴西的生物战,因为这些国家没有像美国公众的监督与环保署-环境保护署。 这是时间检讨和更新我们的赞赏和了解我们的环保局 。 这个故事是真的了Xerces社会,迫使环保局按照自己的规则和公共保护国家资源保护委员会“的程序。”如果没有他们,环保局和拜耳作物科学将根本违反保密和不称职的法律,正是裸CrapScience希望看到发生,恕我直言。需要注意的,知名的商业养蜂人哈肯伯格戴夫(戴夫·门德斯)曾与拜耳实地测试在佛罗里达州的蜜蜂spirotetramat的影响。 点击报告PDF格式的图像。
这里有一个很好的注脚科特法官的裁决:
原告站在带来这种情况下,这是无可争议的。 参见康涅狄格诉AM。 ELEC。 电力公司,582 F.3d 309 339(2D 2009号)(“一个协会有资格代表其成员带来的西装,当:(一)其成员将原本站在控告自己的权利;( b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation ofthe lawsuit.” (citation omitted)).
Judge Pulls Pesticide After Finding Impacts on Bees Inadequately Evaluated by EPA ( Beyond Pesticides , January 4, 2010) – A pesticide that could be dangerously toxic to America's honey bees must be pulled from store shelves as a result of a suit filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Xerces Society. In an order issued in December, a federal court in New York invalidated EPA's approval of the pesticide spirotetramat (manufactured by Bayer CropScience under the trade names Movento and Ultor) and ordered the agency to reevaluate the chemical in compliance with the law. The court's order goes into effect on January 15, 2010, and makes future sales of Movento illegal in the United States. “This sends EPA and Bayer back to the drawing board to reconsider the potential harm to bees caused by this new pesticide,” said NRDC Senior Attorney Aaron Colangelo. “EPA admitted to approving the pesticide illegally, but argued that its violations of the law should have no consequences. The Court disagreed and ordered the pesticide to be taken off the market until it has been properly evaluated. Bayer should not be permitted to run what amounts to an uncontrolled experiment on bees across the country without full consideration of the consequences.” In June 2008, EPA approved Movento for nationwide use on hundreds of different crops, including apples, pears, peaches, oranges, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, almonds, and spinach. The approval process went forward without the advance notice and opportunity for public comment that is required by federal law and EPA's own regulations. In addition, EPA failed to evaluate fully the potential damage to the nation's already beleaguered bee populations or conduct the required analysis of the pesticide's economic, environmental, and social costs. Beekeepers and scientists have expressed concern over Movento's potential impact on beneficial insects such as honey bees. The pesticide impairs the insect's ability to reproduce. EPA's review of Bayer's scientific studies found that trace residues of Movento brought back to the hive by adult bees could cause “significant mortality” and “massive perturbation” to young honeybees (larvae). According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), bees pollinate $15 billion worth of crops grown in America. USDA also claims that one out of every three mouthfuls of food in the typical American diet has a connection to bee pollination. Yet bee colonies in the United States have seen significant declines in recent years due to a combination of stressors, almost certainly including insecticide exposure. “This case underscores the need for us to re-examine how we evaluate the impact of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment,” said Mr. Colangelo. “In approving Movento, EPA identified but ignored potentially serious harms to bees and other pollinators. We are in the midst of a pollinator crisis, with more than a third of our colonies disappearing in recent years. Given how important these creatures are to our food supply, we simply cannot look past these sorts of problems.” View the court decision here . Read Beyond Pesticides' read factsheet: Pollinators and Pesticides: Escalating crisis demands action and Backyard Beekeeping: Providing pollinator habitat one yard at a time . See more information on threats to honey bees at NRDC .
Report on Bee Mortality and Bee Surveillance in Europe
from http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/online/default.asp?Date=12/18/2009
AFSSA, the French Food Safety Agency completed a 218-page report on honey bee mortality and the ways that colony losses are monitored in Europe, December 8, 2009. The European Food Safety Authority commissioned the study and published the report. Initially, AFSSA set up a consortium of seven European bee disease research institutes in France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
The project covers 1) a description and critical analysis of surveillance programs that measured colony loss; 2) the collection and analysis of the epidemiological data sets on colony losses; and 3) a critical review and selection of relevant literature on the possible causes and risk factors of colony losses.
The researchers found that bee colony losses in Europe and the USA are multifactorial which include beekeeping and husbandy practices, environmental factors, biological agents as well as excessive use of pesticides. The interaction of these factors create stress, weaken bees' defense system allowing pests and pathogens to kill the colony.
3.2.3.3 Chemical agents
The debate on chemical agents is mainly concentrated on the agrochemicals used for crop treatments. Neonicotinoids are the focus of the greatest interest in the literature (imidacloprid, clothianidin and fipronil); other publications just mention “pesticides” in general, but certainly with an implicit consideration of neonicotinoids (Figure 75). Scientists are clearly divided on the role of these pesticides, as illustrated in Table 14. Although no involvement of pesticides has been proven for colony losses or CCD, a significant amount of pesticide residues are frequently found in the studies analysing bees, pollen and wax, usually at sublethal levels. A question arises, therefore, about the possibility for a conjunction of chemical residues present in the hive at sublethal concentrations, which may produce a lethal effect or clinical signs affecting the ability of colony to survive. Several authors mention these pesticides as factors contributing to stress or weakening of colonies which, once again, may “open the door” to other causative factors.
3.2.3.2 Biological agents
A significant number of biological agents are reported to be involved in colony losses. Viruses are the biological agents most frequently mentioned (Figure 73). As more than 15 different viruses are known to infect bees, often without any clinical symptoms and since, co-infection with several viruses is not uncommon, they are the subject of much research. Due to their frequent presence, they are found in many colony losses cases where it is very difficult to determine whether they are at the origin of the losses, or just co-factors. Of the eight viruses mentioned in the literature, IABPV is the most frequently mentioned, and some scientists consider it as a “marker” of CCD in the United States (Figure 74). Varroa, Nosema spp and Acarapis woodi infections are the three other most commonly mentioned biological factors. Some scientists consider them to be causative factors in a certain amount of colony losses (for Nosema mainly in Spain). Others consider that they are co- factors, contributing to the stress of the colony or contributing to the “expression” of colony mortality as causative factor of death for a colony already weakened by other stress factors. This is why the factors “multiple infection” and “unidentified disease” appear in the assumptions made by the authors. All these hypotheses open the floor to a debate on possible treatments to prevent or cure these infections. This links together these biological agents with chemical factors and beekeeping practices because beekeeping practices and chemical treatments are used to control infections. The debate on the involvement of the various biological agents is clearly expressed in the author's opinions summarised in Table 13 with a high rate of “possible involvement” and balanced reports between “unlikely” and “very likely”.
3.2.4 Conclusion and perspectives
The work package on literature review allowed the development of a specific methodology for literature search and analysis. The “priority 1″ references selected and reviewed validate the objectivity of the literature search which is expressed through the variability and the balanced topics included. The results of this work regarding risk and causative factors involved in colony losses have to be taken as a “snap shot” of the scientific community's opinion as they are today; these are also “time sensitive”, and evolving due to the amount of ongoing research which will likely lead to new findings and a better understanding of the factors involved in the coming months or years.
To summarise this picture, common consensus amongst the scientific community about the multi-factorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States (in the two aspects of this term: combination of factors at one place and different factors involved according to place and period considered) suggests the following factors are important, namely: beekeeping practices (feeding, migratory beekeeping, colony husbandry, treatments applied and so forth), environmental factors (climate, available forage, biodiversity, etc.), chemical factors (pesticides) or biological agents (Varroa, Nosema spp, etc.) which together create stress, weaken bees' immune systems that then allow pests and pathogens to kill the colony (eg one or several parasites, viruses, etc.).
Figure78. Factors involved in colony losses
Questions remain about the sequence of events that lead to colony mortality, and future studies should be designed and conducted to address this:
- There are many inconsistencies in the ways in which “colony losses” are defined. Up to 17 different definitions for CCD in the literature. This means that involved persons may not always be referring to the same phenomenon, and this creates confusion when trying to explain the origin of what has been identified in the field. The described pathology is varied, with authors/using the same descriptions for different sets of circumstances. A specific study should be undertaken to clearly categorise and quantify the various expressions of colony losses in the field. This study will be closely linked to the strengthening of surveillance systems;
- High concentrations of pesticides have rarely been identified in relation to colony losses (CCD in USA and winter colony losses in Europe) although acute events of pesticide toxicity are well described during the production season (and clearly differentiated from CCD and winter colony losses). However, the questions of possible synergistic effects of various pesticides and the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal doses of pesticides remains, and requires further investigation;
- Biological agents such as parasites, viruses or bacteria, alone or in combination, have clearly been identified as important factors in colony losses. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge about the exact mechanisms and/or interactions involved, that must also be addressed;
- Even though the multifactorial origin of colony losses is well acknowledged, the respective role of each factor as a risk or causative agent is unknown, and no hierarchy of relative threat posed by each one has been established. These matters require further investigation using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies).
结论
This bee surveillance project sought information on both the prevalence of honey bee colony losses, and the surveillance systems respectively in 27 European countries. Through a standardised questionnaire, each of the surveillance systems collecting these data was evaluated. In addition, a thorough literature search of the existing databases, as well as relevant grey literature about causes of colony losses was completed, and the literature evaluated.
The main conclusions from project activities can be summarised as follows:
- General weakness and high variability of most of the surveillance systems in the 25 systems investigated;
- Lack of representative data at country level and comparable data at EU level for colony losses;
- Common consensus of the scientific community about the multifactorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States and insufficient knowledge of causative and risk factors for colony losses.
From these finding the consortium makes the following recommendations:
1。 Implementation of a sustainable European network for coordination and follow-up of surveillance, and research on colony losses to underpin monitoring programmes;
2。 Strengthen standardization at European level by harmonization of surveillance systems, data collected and by developing common performance indicators;
3。 Build on the examples of best practice found in existing surveillance systems on communicable and notifiable diseases already present in some countries;
4。 Undertake specific studies that build on the existing work in progress to improve the knowledge and understanding of factors that affect bee health (for example stress caused by pathogens, pesticides, environmental and technological factors and their interactions) using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies);
5。 The set up of the coordination team at European level. This is a crucial issue and the coordination team should be organized in such a way so as to ensure its sustainability and to enable effective surveillance programme activities at the European level.
Complete report attached and also here: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/27e.htm
Beekeeper: No need to kill bees for the Padres
Removing bees live is less dangerous than trying to kill them, a professional beekeeper writes.
Friday, July 3, 2009
11 comments | read comments | post a comment
An unidentified usher tries to move a swarm of bees as they cover a chair in left field during the ninth inning of the Padres game on Thursday. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)
A honey bee swarm delayed an Astros-Padres' baseball game for 52 minutes on Thursday, while a “beekeeper” was called to exterminate them.
I was appalled that a swarm of bees was destroyed in front of thousands of baseball fans! How many more people, probably millions, that saw the incident on national TV now have the message that it is necessary or advisable to kill a swarm of bees this way?
I was disgusted and horrified. I remove swarms of honey bees alive every day. Beekeepers do not exterminate bees!
Something had to be done quickly at Petco Park of course. But exterminating them took as long as it would to collect them, and stirred the remaining bees into a frenzy. I contend that far from being the safe option, this was a risky one.
Benign swarm
Bees in a swarm are at their most benign. When a colony becomes too crowded, the workers create a new queen. Just before the new queen hatches, the old queen leaves the hive with a large proportion of the workers, headed for a new location. This is how new bee hives are created.
Before they depart the hive, the bees fill up with honey to sustain them until they can start foraging again. They're feeling pretty good, just as you do after a good meal.
They have no hive to defend so are very unlikely to sting anyone. In fact, since they are full of honey, it's physically difficult for them to sting.
This cluster of bees is called a swarm. They collect somewhere temporarily while the scout bees look for a permanent new location. This is what we saw at Petco Park on Thursday.
Urban myth of killer bees
I frequently collect swarms without any protective clothing. It shouldn't be necessary.
In more than 20 years of keeping bees, I have collected hundreds of swarms. I have never come across a credible story of anyone being attacked by a swarm of bees. I believe it is an urban myth.
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Bees under threat
Honey bees are under a serious threat at the moment. Colonies have been mysteriously dying, not only in the US, but across most of Europe. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) leaves the hive completely devoid of bees.
The cause is not known but it is very worrying. Bees account for much of the fresh food we eat by way of pollination.
Farmers, not known for throwing money about, spend billions of dollars annually to rent hives of bees from commercial beekeepers to pollinate crops.
Crops depend on honey bees
Who hasn't heard that bees are in trouble? We need honey bees. It has been said that one third of all food grown depends on honey bees for pollination. What kind of message does killing 20,000 bees on national television send to the public?
I know people were frightened. But if they had called a true beekeeper, not an exterminator, the bees would have been removed humanely, alive, without the risk of those stray bees, which remained after the exterminator sprayed them.
In some parts of the world it is illegal to exterminate bees unless a beekeeper has inspected the situation and been unable to remove them alive. This should be the case in the United States.
Padres' response
Richard Andersen, Executive VP, Ballpark Management & General Manager of PETCO Park, called me in response to an email I sent. He was very keen to get the facts and I'm sure in future they will try to take the socially responsible action. The Padres won an award.
Tom Garfinkel quipped that Luke Yoder, Padres' director of field and landscape maintenance, has a beekeeper on speed-dial. I say next time, call a professional beekeeper to do the right thing!
There is a network of true beekeepers who would respond straightaway in circumstances like these.
Geoff Kipps-Bolton is owner of San Diego Bees and www.bees-on-the-net.com.
http://www.sdnn.com/sandiego/2009-07-03/news/beekeeper-no-need-to-kill-bees-for-the-padres
Kim Flottum found out for us (thaaaaaank youuu!)
A year ago USDA CSREES (Cooperative State Research Extension Education Service) awarded a $4.1 million grant to a group of university researchers for the express purpose of solving the current honey bee health problems confronting the beekeeping industry. Without actually nailing it down, this was a project to look into the current Colony Collapse Disorder malady and, over four years, find out what was going on. But at the same time the grant was to fund an extensive education program for beekeepers, and to develop as much information as possible so beekeepers could keep their bees healthy, and had a place to go for questions … and answers. Moreover, 25% of the funds were to go to study non-apis pollinators, such as bumble bees, alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and the like. To date, this is the only government money to be distributed to beekeeping researchers to study this problem other than normal budgetary funds to keep the USDA projects up and running.
So what's happened in a year? I'm glad you asked, because I wanted to know too. So I ventured to the University of Georgia in Athens to visit with Dr. Keith Delaplane , the leader of this large and varied group studying this large and varied problem.
In this first year each of the cooperators in the program have hired the people they need to work with or brought on board the grad students who will do the work or the post-doc who will assist in the project. Probably the biggest accomplishment so far, said Dr. Delaplane, is the establishment of the seven stationary apiaries to monitor honey bee health and the environment. These apiaries, consisting of 30 colonies each, are in Maine, Florida, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Texas, Washington and California. Each is administered by one of the researchers and will be managed using the techniques particular to their respective locations … bees in Minnesota are not managed on the same calendar or with the same methods as those bees in Texas, for instance. But each area does have best management practices that reflect these differences, and those will be followed.
However, one constant is that each colony in each of these apiaries will be sampled once a month for the duration of the study to look at what's going on inside. Samples of bees, honey and wax will be taken, and measurements of bees and brood will all be taken routinely. The samples will go to a lab at Penn State to look for viruses and nosema disease, to the University of Minnesota to count nosema spores, and to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station to look at the pollen and wax samples for residues of agricultural pesticides. At the same time, USDA scientists will be taking identical samples, and doing identical counts from a series of migratory beekeeping operations. Samples and data will be identical from each apiary and each migratory operation, and at the end the mountain of data will be easily comparable and very useful, said Delaplane.
Because this grant also covers non-apis bees (that is, bees that are not honey bees) identical samples will be taken from managed non-apis bees at each of the apiary sites. Scientists are looking for cross infections or other relationships.
Other non-apis projects include looking at increasing the efficiency and reducing the stress of managed bumblebees when used for pollination. The effects of the neonicitinoid pesticides on non-apis bees are also being studied, and especially the sub-lethal effects and any effects from residues. This should be interesting.
Meanwhile, the Extension and Education part of this has moved right along, and in July the USDA is launching its eXtension.org website. It is to be a one-stop shopping experience for agricultural information. The honey bee health section is housed and administered from the University of Kentucky in Lexington. All of the information that goes on this web page, the bee page included, is well-researched and well-refereed work, with oversight by a large team of honey bee scientists. There will be a Frequently Asked Questions section, an Ask The Expert question, Best Management Guides section and more. All coming from the Bee Health Community group. This effort will be federally supported, but all states will contribute with funds from their individual extension budgets. This will, over time I imagine, erode the personnel in each state's Extension core. Unfortunate, but at least there won't be a vacuum left behind.
Other Funded Bee Research
- Investigating the genetic makeup of the varroa mite
University and USDA scientists in Texas and IN are looking at this from the molecular level, looking for those genes responsible for the varroa -sensitive hygienic behavior. This trait allows bees to detect larva in a capped cell that have varroa and remove them. This keeps the mite's populations in check without chemicals. Moreover, once identified queen producers will be able to certify that their bees do have the gene and should exhibit that behavior. - Understanding honey bee viruses
Scientists at Penn State are doing cage studies with bees looking at the effects of individual viruses, and then the effects of different viruses combined. - 解开微孢子虫的寄生虫对健康的影响
许多昆虫物种遭受不同种类微孢子虫......这种疾病,而在密歇根州和肯塔基州的科学家们正在试图制造只有一个单一的问题蜜蜂...... 蜜蜂微孢子虫 , 微孢子虫ceranae,但不能在同一时间的其他问题。 一旦隔离,他们会再看看在结合这些疾病与病毒,病毒的组合。 - 了解杀螨剂的影响(农药)
在寻找个人和杀螨剂养蜂人所有的增效作用的实验研究中使用蜂巢正在内布拉斯加州进行。 沿同一线路,女王的可行性和雄蜂精子生产这些化学物质的影响正在看着。 - 调查农场农药的影响
银的化学品已被指责为多/ / /无所有蜂群衰竭失调 - 你挑。 但应该是在寻找这些对幼虫和护士蜜蜂的影响研究回答。 这应该是有趣的,但这个特定项目的资金仍然保持。 - Rearing healthy queen bees
Think Globally, but act Locally is kind of the theme for the work being done in Washington and New York. Genetic diversity seems to be lacking, at least in some operations due to the small number of commercial beekeepers producing queens. Thus, more queen producers are needed and they should be more localized and regional rather than all coming from a central location, goes the thinking. Researchers will be setting up educational programs to develop local and regional queen production operations to capitalize on the diversity of a lot of regions. But first they have to find some…that's what they are doing now.
So, after year one, seven stationary apiaries are set up and running, along with migratory operations being sampled, a host of research projects are up and running, or are almost there, and the eXtension web page, loaded with tons of honey bee health information is due to be launched next month. $4.1 million, one year later.
See comments:
http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/blogs/bees/colony-collapse-disorder-88061601?src=rss
Public release date: 4-Jun-2009
Contact: Dennis O'Brien
dennis.obrien@ars.usda.gov
301-504-1624
Public Library of Science
Bee-killing parasite genome sequenced
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have sequenced the genome of a parasite that can kill honey bees. Nosema ceranae is one of many pathogens suspected of contributing to the current bee population decline, termed colony collapse disorder (CCD). Researchers describe the parasite's genome in a study published June 5 in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens .
In 2006, CCD began devastating commercial beekeeping operations, with some beekeepers reporting losses of up to 90 percent, according to the USDA. Researchers believe CCD may be the result of a combination of pathogens, parasites and stress factors, but the cause remains elusive. At stake are honey bees that play a valuable part in a $15 billion industry of crop farming in the United States.
The microsporidian Nosema is a fungus-related microbe that produces spores that bees consume when they forage. Infection spreads from their digestive tract to other tissues. Within weeks, colonies are either wiped out or lose much of their strength. Nosema apis was the leading cause of microsporidia infections among domestic bee colonies until recently when N. ceranae jumped from Asian honey bees to the European honey bees used commercially in the United States.
The ARS scientists used genetic tools and microscopic analysis at the ARS Bee Research Laboratory (BRL) in Beltsville, Maryland to examine N. ceranae . They collaborated with colleagues at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York, and 454 Life Sciences, of Branford, Connecticut.
Sequencing the genome should help scientists trace the parasite's migration patterns, determine how it became dominant, and help resolve the spread of infection by enabling the development of diagnostic tests and treatments.
ARS is a scientific research agency in the US Department of Agriculture.
财务信息披露:由美国农业部管理基金,支持www.usda.gov / WPS /门户/ usdahome (JDE的,JC,太平绅士),北美授粉媒介保护运动, www.pollinator.org (乙脑,JC),美国农业部野村综合研究所授予2002-0256, www.usda.gov / WPS /门户/ usdahome (乙脑),东北生物防御中心授予#U54AI57158, www.nbc.columbia.edu的 (港岛线),Google.org合同#17-2008 www.google.org (港岛线)。 资助者有没有作用的研究设计,数据收集和分析,发布决定,或准备的手稿。 本文中使用的贸易公司,或公司名称是读者的信息和便利。 这种使用并不构成美国农业部农业研究服务中心或任何产品或服务,以排除其他可能适合一个正式认可或批准。
COMPETING INTERESTS: ME, SH, and BD are employed by 454 Life Sciences/Roche Applied Sciences.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000464 (link will go live upon embargo lift)
CITATION: Cornman RS, Chen YP, Schatz MC, Street C, Zhao Y, et al. (2009) Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees. PLoS Pathog 5(6): e1000466. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000466
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Pesticides indicted in bee deaths
Agriculture officials have renewed their scrutiny of the world's best-selling pest-killer as they try to solve the mysterious collapse of the nation's hives.
By Julia Scott
Salon.com
http://www.salon.com/env/feature/2009/05/18/bees_pesticides/
May 18, 2009 - Gene Brandi will always rue the summer of 2007. That's when the California beekeeper rented half his honeybees, or 1,000 hives, to a watermelon farmer in the San Joaquin Valley at pollination time. The following winter, 50 percent of Brandi's bees were dead.
“They pretty much disappeared,” says Brandi, who's been keeping bees for 35 years.Since the advent in 2006 of colony collapse disorder , the mysterious ailment that continues to decimate hives across the country, Brandi has grown accustomed to seeing up to 40 percent of his bees vanish each year, simply leave the hive in search of food and never come back. But this was different. Instead of losing bees from all his colonies, Brandi watched the ones that skipped watermelon duty continue to thrive.
Brandi discovered the watermelon farmer had irrigated his plants with imidacloprid, the world's best-selling insecticide created by Bayer CropScience Inc. , one of the world's leading producers of pesticides and genetically modified vegetable seeds, with annual sales of $8.6 billion. Blended with water and applied to the soil, imidacloprid creates a moist mixture the bees likely drank from on a hot day.
Stories like Brandi's have become so common that the National Honeybee Advisory Board, which represents the two biggest beekeeper associations in the US, recently asked the US Environmental Protection Agency to ban the product. “We believe imidacloprid kills bees — specifically, that it causes bee colonies to collapse,” says Clint Walker, co-chairman of the board.
Beekeepers have singled out imidacloprid and its chemical cousin clothianidin, also produced by Bayer CropScience, as a cause of bee die-offs around the world for over a decade. More recently, the same products have been blamed by American beekeepers, who claim the product is a cause of colony collapse disorder, which has cost many commercial US beekeepers at least a third of their bees since 2006, and threatens the reliability of the world's food supply.
Scientists have started to turn their attention to both products, which are receiving new scrutiny in the US, due to a disclosure in December 2007 by Bayer CropScience itself. Bayer scientists found imidacloprid in the nectar and pollen of flowering trees and shrubs at concentrations high enough to kill a honeybee in minutes. The disclosure recently set in motion product reviews by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the EPA. The tests are scheduled to wrap up in 2014, though environmentalists, including the Sierra Club, are petitioning the EPA to speed up the work.
For over a decade, Bayer CropScience has been forced to defend the family of insecticides against calls for a ban by beekeepers and environmentalists. French beekeepers succeeded in having imidacloprid banned for use on several crops after a third of the country's bees died following its use in 1999 — although the French bee population never quite rebounded, as Bayer is quick to point out. Germany banned the use of clothianidin and seven other insecticides in 2008 after tests implicated them in killing up to 60 percent of honeybees in southwest Germany.
Imidacloprid and clothianidin are chloronicotinoids, a synthetic compound that combines nicotine, a powerful toxin, with chlorine to attack an insect's nervous system. The chemical is applied to the seed of a plant, added to soil, or sprayed on a crop and spreads to every corner of the plant's tissue, killing the pests that feed on it.Pennsylvania beekeeper John Macdonald has been keeping bees for over 30 years and recently became convinced that imidacloprid is linked to colony collapse disorder. It's the only explanation he can find for why his bees, whose hives border farmland that uses the pesticide, started dropping dead a few years ago.
“There's the pernicious toxic effect — it does everything nicotine does to our nervous system,” says Macdonald. “There's the pathological effect, the interference with basic functions. They get lost, they get disoriented. They fall to the ground. They get paralyzed and their wings stick out. I can't think of anything in the environment that's changed other than farming, and virtually every farmer is using treated seeds now.”
Bayer CropScience spokesman Jack Boyne says his company's pesticides are not to blame. “We do a lot of research on our products and we feel like we have a very good body of evidence to suggest that pesticides, including insecticides, are not the cause of colony collapse disorder,” he says. “Pesticides have been around for a lot of years now and honeybee collapse has only been a factor for the last few years.” (Imidacloprid has been approved for use in the US since 1994 and clothianidin has been used since 2003.)
Scientists continue to investigate the causes of colony collapse disorder. Leading theories suggest a combination of factors that include parasitic mites, disease, malnutrition and environmental contaminants like pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. The current EPA review will provide further insight into the role of pesticides, as it will uncover whether honeybees sickened by exposure to imidacloprid spread it around by bringing contaminated nectar and pollen back to the hive.
EPA critics suggest that the agency allowed economic considerations to take precedence over the well-being of honeybees when it approved imidacloprid for sale in the US 15 years ago. “I think the EPA and USDA [US Department of Agriculture] have been covering up for Bayer, and now they're scrambling to do something about it,” says Neil Carman, a plant biologist who advises the Sierra Club on pesticides and other issues. “This review should have been done 10 years ago. It's been found to be more persistent in the environment than was reported by Bayer.”
Imidacloprid was approved with knowledge that the product, marketed as Gaucho, Confidor, Admire and others, was lethal to honeybees under certain circumstances. Today the EPA's own literature calls it “ very highly toxic ” to honeybees and other beneficial insects. Its workaround was to slap a label on the product, warning farmers not to spray it on a plant when bees were foraging in the neighborhood.
In its 2007 studies, Bayer applied standard doses of imidacloprid to test trees, including apple, lime and dogwood. Its scientists found imidacloprid in nectar at concentrations of up to 4,000 parts per billion, a dose high enough to kill several bees at once. (Honeybees can withstand a dose of up to 185 ppb, the standard amount it would take to kill 50 percent of a test population.) What caught the attention of California agricultural officials was that the test trees contained the same amount of deadly imidacloprid as the citrus and almond groves regularly sprayed by farmers, and pollinated by bees. (California's almond industry has increased its use of imidacloprid by a factor of 300 in the past five years.) Agricultural officials were also surprised to learn that the imidacloprid can persist in the leaves and blossoms of a plant for more than a year.
The Bayer results don't surprise University of California at Davis professor Eric Mussen, a well-known entomologist and one of the country's leading experts on colony collapse disorder. Mussen has seen a variety of unpublished studies with similar results, including one at UC Riverside that found imidacloprid in the nectar of a eucalyptus tree bloom at concentrations of 550 ppb a full year after it was applied.
“From some of the data on the trees, it appears as though there are situations where honeybees can get into truly toxic doses of the material,” says Mussen, who avoids spraying imidacloprid on his own demonstration fields at UC Davis. “This the first time that we've had something you put in a tree that could stay there for a long time.”
But Mussen isn't convinced imidacloprid is a primary cause of the honeybee die-off. He explains that some bees settle on fields of sunflowers and canola treated with the chemical and then “fly right through to next year.” So imidacloprid is not the only story. “Could it be part of the story?” he asks. “I'm sure. I think any of the pesticides the bees bring back to the beehive is hurting the bees.”
Mussen adds that ongoing research into chronic exposure to insecticides will be crucial. It's likely, he says, that exposure to even low doses acts like a one-two punch: It can weaken the bees until a parasite or pathogen moves in to finish them off.
As the EPA begins its pesticide studies this year, skeptics wonder whether the agency can conduct an unbiased review. Back in 2003, they point out, the EPA reported that clothianidin was “ highly toxic to honeybees on an acute contact basis,” and suggested that chronic exposure could lead to effects on the larvae and reproductive effects on the queen. Although the EPA asked Bayer for further studies of its effects on honeybees, it nevertheless authorized the chemical for market.
“If the EPA had sufficient concern about harm to bees that they would insist on other studies, it seemed unwise to approve it anyway and ask for research after the fact,” says Aaron Colangelo, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The EPA's job is to make a decision about whether a chemical is safe or not.”
Colangelo envisions a similar scenario in coming years. The EPA has announced it will review clothianidin and other chemicals in the same family, but not until 2012. In the meantime, there's nothing stopping the agency from approving the insecticides for use on new crops based on existing policies. In the end, Colangelo has little confidence the federal agency will bring a hammer down on the agribusiness giant. The EPA, he explains, often keeps its test results confidential for proprietary reasons at a company's request. As a consequence, it's unclear where gaps or discrepancies occur until a company makes a disclosure similar to Bayer's.
“They're not making decisions about whether the pesticide can be put on the market based on impacts to bees, no matter how much evidence of harm there is,” Colangelo says. “The EPA will just approve it anyway and put a warning label on the product.”
Halting the sale of pesticides, though, would be no mean task. Over 120 countries use imidacloprid under the Bayer label on more than 140 crop varieties, as well as on termites, flea collars and home garden landscaping. And the product's patent expired a few years ago, paving the way for it to be sold as a generic insecticide by dozens of smaller corporations. In California alone, imidacloprid is the central ingredient in 247 separate products sold by 50 different companies.
In a statement, the EPA says that before banning a pesticide, it “must find that an 'imminent hazard' exists. The federal courts have ruled that to make this finding, EPA must conclude, among other things, that there is a substantial likelihood that imminent, serious harm will be experienced from use of the pesticide.” The EPA did not clarify what is meant by “imminent hazard” and why the death of honeybees does not qualify.
As Mussen points out, though, a few million dead honeybees may be the cost of doing business. “If they didn't register products that were toxic to honeybees, there wouldn't be a lot of products on the market that were available for pest control.”
All the more reason to start taking the world's most ubiquitous insecticide off the market and invent a safer one, argues Walker, of the National Honeybee Advisory Board. “It's on every golf course, it's on every lawn. It's not just an agricultural product. There's really not one part of our lives it's not touching.”
YOUR HELP IS NEEDED TO SECURE FARM BILL FUNDING
FOR NATIVE AND MANAGED POLLINATOR RESEARCH
Please contact your Senators and ask them to sign on to a letter by Senator Boxer in support of vital research on agricultural pollinators. Please read below for additional information. The deadline for Senators to sign on to this letter is Wednesday, May 6.
Find the contact information for your Senator's office
Thank you,
Scott Hoffman Black
Executive Director, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Providing funding for research into the causes and remedies of honey bee and native bee declines is a critical step in pollinator conservation.
Please take a moment to call or write your Senator, let them know how important pollinators are, and ask them to 1) support this appropriation and 2) contact Senator Boxer's office to sign on to this important letter.
Senator Boxer has written a letter requesting that the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee allocate $20 million in Fiscal Year 2010 for pollinator research projects as authorized in the 2008 Farm Bill. These funds will increase the resilience and security of our farming systems by supporting vital research into Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in managed honeybees and to promote the health of honey bees and native pollinators through habitat conservation and best management practices.
BACKGROUND
As you may know, the 2008 Farm Bill includes language authorizing $100 million over five years to further our scientific understanding of the essential agricultural services pollinators provide our nation. The letter only seeks to fully fund critical provisions that were recently signed into law through legislative consensus.
Managed and native pollinators, such as honey bees, bumble bees, and other native bees, are needed for the production of over $18 billion (and possibly as much as $27 billion) per year in agricultural products in the US These animals are required for 35 percent of the world's crop production. Yet, total pollinator spending at USDA in the 2008 Fiscal Year accounted for merely 0.01 percent of the agency's budget. Without pollinators, our current yields of alfalfa, almonds, apples, cherries, cranberries, blueberries, kiwifruit, strawberries, melons, squash, peppers, peaches, pears, plums, carrot, onion, and other seed crops, would not be possible.
Arising in 2006, the as yet unexplained phenomenon termed Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) diminished our nation's already dwindling honey bee colonies, and highlighted our relative ignorance of the complex systems that support animal pollinated food production. It is vitally important to conduct research to better understand and solve this problem.
Studies in other developed nations have well documented a diminished presence of honey bees and other vital pollinators in interdependent agricultural and ecological systems, but much information is lacking in the US A major conclusion of a comprehensive study by the National Academy of Sciences in 2007 found that for most North American pollinator species, long-term population data are lacking and knowledge of their basic ecology is incomplete.
Funding for pollinator research will protect the health, future, safety, and sustainability of our nation's most nutritional food crops. These funds will ensure that we base our sustainable future in agriculture on a more comprehensive understanding of the science that supports it.
Thank you for your help in this effort.
Read more about the 2008 Farm Bill Benefits to Crop Pollinators >>
Read more about the Xerces Society Agricultural Pollinator Conservation Program >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation resources >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation publications >>
ABOUT THE XERCES SOCIETY
The Xerces Society is an international, nonprofit organization that protects wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat. For over three decades, the Society has been at the forefront of invertebrate conservation, harnessing the knowledge of scientists and the enthusiasm of citizens to implement conservation programs.
Ok. I'm finally done laughing at my headline. I came across the GrowBetterVeggies gardening blog while looking for bulbing fennel advice. Turns out to be a gardening resource worth pollinating! Not only does she prep her tomato transplant holes with fish heads, she's got a beekeeping class. There's a lot more: compost-heated greenhouse and essays from her gardening students , really nice stories. (I can't blog too much here about the regenerative revival in organic farming, the Greenhorns as some call them.) Also, if you want to see a well-monetized blog, this is it. (Sheesh) The photos and instruction are grade A. It's really a fantastic example of a well-purposed blog for a farm-to-restaurant business that in effect showcases their legacy. Cynthia Sandberg gets to be my mentor in the garden! Thanks. -DNR
Our “ anarchy apiary ” in New York appeared to lose about half of the hives wintered there. Some died recently of starvation, others had more squatter field mice who scampered out of the hive suckling babies stuck to their bellies. Eviction. No mysteries behind the losses. Several hives survived as well, from bees bred from local queens.
This is an UN-identified insect that I'd like comment on from an expert. What is it? Dragonfly nymph? (see comments for answer!)
Read a great New York Times column by Leon Kreitzman about the circadian rhythms of honeybees and Carl Linnaeus' floral clock idea . -DNR
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I checked my hive in New York and discovered some furry squatters, to my deep dismay. Check out the galleries to see the story. The bees were installed in mid-June and may have run out of food stores throughout winter. Comment if you'd like. Now I'm swarm hunting soon … (The other top bar hives that Anarchy Apiaries has nearby are looking lively, though it's been chilly.)
With bad news, there's always good news… despite my loss, I've gained hope from the White House's Organic Garden and news of their choice of using varroa-resistant Russians in their beehive !




































