Bem, adicione Poncho ao lado Movento como outra ameaça alemã de Segurança Nacional dos EUA (se você se preocupa Nações). A traição se aplica aos casos de inépcia EPA? -DNR (Grist Obrigado! Great work, Sr. Philpott)
Um memorando interno da EPA divulgado quarta-feira confirma que a agência encarregada de proteger muito o ambiente está ignorando as advertências de seus próprios cientistas, cerca de clotianidina, um pesticida da Bayer, que acumulou 183.000.000 € (cerca de 262 milhões dólares) em vendas em 2009.
Clothianidin tem sido amplamente utilizado no milho, maior a cultura dos EUA, desde 2003. Fornecedores vender sementes pré-tratadas com ele. Como outros membros da família de pesticidas neonicotinóides, clotianidina fica "tomado pelo sistema vascular da planta e expressa através de pólen e néctar," de acordo com a Pesticide Action Network da América do Norte (PANNA), que vazou o documento juntamente com Beyond Pesticidas. Esse efeito faz com que seja altamente tóxico a pragas de uma cultura - e também prejudicial para o açambarcamento de pólen das abelhas, que sofreram misteriosos anuais massivas morrem-offs (conhecido como "desordem de colapso de colônias") aqui nos Estados Unidos pelo menos desde 2006.
O fenômeno colônia colapso é complexo e ainda não completamente entendida. Enquanto parece haver nenhuma causa para os anuais mortandade, montagem evidências apontam para pesticidas , e especificamente neonicotinóides (derivado da nicotina), como um fator chave. E os neonicotinóides são um fator relativamente novo em ecossistemas freqüentados por abelhas - introduzido na década de 1990, esses inseticidas sistêmicos ganharam uma quota de crescimento constante do mercado de tratamento de sementes. Não parece injusto observar que a saúde da população de abelhas tem vindo a diminuir ao longo do mesmo período.
De acordo com PANNA, outras culturas comumente tratados com clotianidina incluem óleo de canola, soja, beterraba, girassol e trigo - todos entre as culturas mais amplamente plantadas dos Estados Unidos. Bayer está agora pedindo a EPA para registrá-lo para uso com algodão e semente de mostarda.
O documento [PDF], que vazou para o Colorado apicultor Tom Theobald, revela que cientistas da EPA ter declarado, essencialmente, rejeitou as conclusões de um estudo realizado em nome da Bayer que a agência tinha usado para justificar o registro de clotianidina. E reiterou as preocupações que o uso disseminado de põe em perigo a saúde clotianidina de abelhas do país.
Na quinta-feira, perguntei a um porta-voz da EPA via e-mail se a opinião dos cientistas iria inspirar a agência para remover clotianidina do mercado. O porta-voz, que pediu para não ser identificado, mas que comunicou sobre o registro em nome da agência, respondeu que clotianidina reteria o seu registo e estar disponível para uso na primavera.
Watchdogging Wimpy
Antes de aprofundar o memorando vazado, é importante compreender a triste história de como um inseticida conhecido por prejudicar populações de abelhas veio para cobrir uma enorme faixa de terra dos EUA em primeiro lugar. É quase impossível não lê-lo como um conto de um cão de guarda a chave pública ao invés salto para a indústria que deveria regular.
Em negociações do EPA com Bayer sobre este inseticida particular, a agência encarregada de proteger o meio ambiente sempre tem feito a indústria amigáveis decisões que contrariam as conclusões dos seus próprios cientistas - e ameaçam fazer mal monumental para o nosso sistema alimentar limpando seus polinizadores-chave .
De acordo com uma linha do tempo fornecida pelo PANNA, a sórdida história começa quando Bayer aplicada pela primeira vez para o registo da clotianidina em 2003. (Todos os documentos a que me ligam a seguir foram fornecidas a mim por PANNA.) Em 2003, apicultores americanos estavam relatando dificuldades em manter colméias saudável durante o inverno, mas ainda não na escala de desordem do colapso da colônia. Em fevereiro deste ano, Impacto Ambiental da EPA e Efeitos Divisão (EFED) retido registro da clotianidina, declarando que ele queria mais evidências de que ela não iria prejudicar as populações de abelhas.
Em um memorando [PDF], um cientista EFAD explicou a decisão:
A possibilidade de exposição a substâncias tóxicas aos polinizadores não-alvo [por exemplo, as abelhas] através da translocação de resíduos clotianidina que resultam do tratamento de sementes (milho e canola) levou EFED exigir testes de campo que pode avaliar a possível exposição crônica a larvas das abelhas e da rainha. A fim de avaliar completamente a possibilidade de este efeito tóxico, uma completa trabalhador abelha estudo ciclo de vida (cerca de 63 dias) deve ser conduzida, bem como uma avaliação da exposição a rainha.
Então, não clotianidina vender até um exame, perto especialista de como pólen infundido com isso afetaria abelhas operárias e Sua Majestade a Rainha.
Mais uma vez, que foi em fevereiro de 2003. Mas em abril desse ano, apenas dois meses depois, a agência voltou atrás. "Após uma análise mais aprofundada", a agência escreveu em outro memorando , a EPA decidiu conceder "o registo condicional" clotianidina - o que significa que a Bayer estava livre para vendê-lo, e os processadores de sementes eram livres para aplicá-la aos seus produtos. (Não me faça começar no hábito da EPA de concessão produtos químicos desonesto "registro condicional," antes de permitir sua utilização regulamentada por anos e mesmo décadas. Essa é outra história.)
Condição da EPA uma refletiu as preocupações dos seus cientistas sobre como isso afetaria as abelhas: a Bayer completar o "estudo do ciclo de vida crônica", a agência já havia solicitado em dezembro de 2004. Os cientistas não poupou palavras ao reiterar as suas preocupações. Chamaram efeitos clotianidina de "persistente" e "tóxico para as abelhas" e observou o "potencial para a expressão em pólen e néctar de plantas floridas."
Estas preocupações de lado e "inscrição condicional" na mão, a Bayer apresentou clotianidina ao mercado dos EUA na Primavera de 2003. Agricultores em todo o cinturão do milho plantado sementes tratadas com clotianidina e bilhões - se não trilhões - de plantas começaram a produzir pólen rico com o material abelha assassinato.
In March of 2004, Bayer requested an extension on its December deadline for delivering the life-cycle study. Uma abelha faz o que faz melhor - felizmente, não em um campo de milho Foto:. Purplekey Em março de 2004, a Bayer solicitou uma prorrogação de seu prazo de dezembro para entregar o estudo do ciclo de vida. Em 11 de março memo [PDF], a EPA acordado, dando a gigante química até maio de 2005 para concluir a investigação. Clothianidin continuou fluindo das fábricas da Bayer e de plantas de milho em pólen.
Mas a EPA também transmitiu uma decisão crucial nesta nota: É concedida a permissão Bayer tinha procurado para realizar o seu estudo sobre canola no Canadá, em vez de milho nos Estados Unidos. A EPA justificou a decisão da seguinte forma:
[Canola] é atraente para abelhas [sic] e proporcionará a exposição das abelhas, tanto pólen e néctar. Uma cultura alternativa, como o milho, que é menos atraente para as abelhas como uma colheita de forragem, que proporcionam uma exposição a partir do pólen, apenas.
Especialistas Abelha citar três problemas com essa decisão:
- Milho produz pólen muito mais do que se canola;
- seu pólen é mais atraente para as abelhas, e
- canola é uma cultura menor nos Estados Unidos, enquanto o milho é a única cultura mais plantada.
O que aconteceu depois não era ... muito. Bayer deixe o prazo para a conclusão do estudo lapso, ea EPA vamos continuar vendendo clotianidina Bayer, que continuou a ser depositado em dezenas de milhões de hectares de terras agrícolas.
Só em agosto de 2007, mais de um ano após o prazo, que Bayer emitirá o seu estudo. Em novembro de 2007 memo [PDF], cientistas da EPA declarou o estudo "cientificamente", acrescentando que, "satisfaz as exigências das diretrizes para um teste de toxicidade campo com as abelhas."
Beeing eo nada
Então, quais foram os detalhes desse estudo, em que a saúde dos nossos amigos de polinizadores pouco dependia?
Bem, a EPA inicialmente se recusou a liberá-lo publicamente, levando a uma Lei de Liberdade de Informação pelo Natural Resources Defense Council. Quando a EPA ainda se recusou a liberá-lo, NRDC entrou com uma ação em resposta. Eventualmente, o estudo foi divulgado. Aqui é [PDF].
Preparado para a Bayer por pesquisadores da Universidade de Guelph, do Canadá, o estudo é um pouco de uma piada. Os investigadores criaram várias 2,47 acres campos plantadas com clotianidina tratados com sementes e correspondentes campos de controlo não tratados, e colocados urticária no centro de cada. As abelhas foram autorizados a circular livremente. O problema é que forragem abelhas em uma gama de 1,24 a 6,2 milhas - significando que as abelhas de teste mais provável jantou fora dos campos de teste. Pior, os campos de teste e controle foram plantadas, tanto quanto 968 metros de distância, ou seja, abelhas teste e controle tiveram acesso a cada um dos outros campos.
Não surpreendentemente, os investigadores encontraram "nenhuma diferença na mortalidade das abelhas, a longevidade do trabalhador, ou o desenvolvimento ninhada ocorreu entre os grupos controle e tratamento durante o estudo."
Tom Theobald, o apicultor Colorado, que obteve o memorando vazado, avaliou o estudo duramente no telefone para mim quinta-feira. "Imagine que você é um fazendeiro tentando descobrir se uma erva daninha nociva está prejudicando as suas vacas", disse ele. "Se você plantar a erva em dois hectares e deixar suas vacas em liberdade mais de 50 hectares de capim Montana exuberante, você não vai aprender muito sobre a erva."
James Frazier, professor de entomologia na Universidade Penn State, concordou. Frazier vem estudando colônia colapso desordem desde 2006. "Quando eu olhei para o estudo", ele me disse em uma entrevista por telefone ", eu imediatamente pensei que era inválido."
Enquanto isso, a Bayer continuou vendendo clotianidina sob seu registro condicional. Então, em 22 de abril deste ano, a EPA finalmente terminou longo período clotianidina de purgatório "condicional" -, concedendo-lhe o registo completo.
A agência presenteou o pesticida abelha matar com seu novo status em silêncio, para meu conhecimento, o único reconhecimento público veio através dos esforços de Theobald, que é extremamente preocupados com o destino de seu negócio apicultura própria no país Colorado do milho. Theobald encaminhado-me um e-mail 29 novembro de troca com as Leis Meredith, o chefe interino da divisão da EPA herbicida no Escritório de Programas de pesticidas, a quem ele havia escrito para perguntar sobre o estado clotianidina de registro. Resposta leis 'vale a pena transcrever na íntegra:
Clothianidin foi concedida uma inscrição incondicional para uso como tratamento de sementes de milho e canola em 22 de abril de 2010. EPA emitiu um aviso de novo registo, [mas] não há nenhum documento que reconhece a mudança de condicional e incondicional. Esta foi uma decisão de gestão de risco com base no cumprimento dos requisitos de dados e revisões aceitar ou reconhecer a apresentação dos dados.
Assim, a EPA deu Bayer e seu pesticida duvidosa uma passagem completa, sem sequer se preocupar em deixar o público saber.
Apenas abelha muito cuidado, por favor
Agora chegamos ao vazou memo [PDF]. Ele é datado de 02 de novembro - três semanas antes da resposta Leis 'para Theobald. Relaciona-se com os esforços da Bayer para expandir o uso da clotianidina aprovado em algodão ea mostarda. Da autoria de dois cientistas em Impacto Ambiental da EPA e Efeitos - Divisão ecologista Joseph decantar e químico Michael Barrett - o memorando expressou sua profunda preocupação sobre o efeito clotianidina sobre as abelhas:
Preocupação Clothianidin de maior risco é para insetos não-alvo (isto é, as abelhas).
Clothianidin é um inseticida neonicotinóides que seja persistente e sistêmica. Estudos de toxicidade aguda para abelhas mostram que clotianidina é altamente tóxico em ambos contacto um e uma base oral. Embora EFED não conduz ... avaliações de risco em insetos não-alvo, informações de testes padrões e estudos de campo, bem como relatórios de incidentes envolvendo outros inseticidas neonicotinóides (por exemplo, imidaclopride) sugerem o potencial de risco a longo prazo tóxico para as abelhas e outros benéficos insetos.
O retrocesso real é que os pesquisadores essencialmente invalidou o estudo financiado pela Bayer - isto é, o estudo sobre os quais o registo da EPA baseada clotianidina como um produto químico devidamente registados. Referindo-se ao pesticida, escrevem os autores:
Um estudo de campo anterior [ou seja, o estudo Bayer] investigaram os efeitos da clotianidina em parâmetros de colméia inteira e foi classificado como aceitável. No entanto, após uma outra revisão do trabalho de campo, à luz de informações adicionais, foram identificadas deficiências que tornam o estudo suplementar. Ele não satisfaz a diretriz 850.3040, e outro estudo de campo é necessário para avaliar os efeitos da clotianidina sobre as abelhas através de pólen e néctar contaminado. exposição através do pólen e néctar contaminado e potenciais efeitos tóxicos, portanto, continuam a ser uma incerteza para os polinizadores. [Ênfase minha.]
Então, aqui nós temos pesquisadores da EPA explicitamente que invalidem o estudo em que clotianidina ganhou registro para o milho. Mas como eu escrevi acima, apesar de público a ser feitos esta informação, a EPA assinalou que não tem planos para mudar o status da química.
Na temporada de 2011 em crescimento, dezenas de milhões de acres de terra irá florescer com clotianidina-atado pólen - abelhas, ea ciência do som, que se dane.
Agora, na minha correspondência com a EPA, a agência negou que a desclassificação do estudo Bayer de "aceitável" para "complementar" significa que a agência deveria ser compelido a aprovação da clotianidina. Em um e-mail quinta-feira para mim, a agência fez uma defesa mole do estudo Bayer, contrariando seus próprios cientistas e abordar nenhuma das críticas de que:
Avaliação da EPA do estudo determinaram que ele contém informações úteis para a avaliação da agência de risco. O estudo revelou que a maioria das colmeias monitorados, incluindo aqueles expostos a clotianidina durante a temporada anterior, sobreviveu ao período de excesso de invernar.
E minimizou a importância do estudo para aplicação Bayer para registrar clotianidina: O estudo em questão "não é um" núcleo "de estudo para EPA, tal como alegado," a agência insistiu. "Não é um estudo rotineiramente necessária para suportar o registo de um pesticida."
Corri que a resposta de Jay Feldman de Pesticidas Além, o grupo que colaborou com PANNA na divulgação do documento vazado. "Acho que a resposta da EPA ou mal informado ou enganosas", ele me disse. "A trilha de papel sobre isso é claro. Estamos falando de um estudo de má exigido pela EPA [que é central] para o registro deste produto químico. "
Avaliação de Feldman parece suportar. Ele apontou-me de volta para o supra-linked 27 de novembro documento no qual EPA inicialmente aceitou o estudo Bayer. Lá, na página 5, encontramos a seguinte afirmação:
Especificamente, o teste foi realizado em resposta a um pedido dos canadenses pmrA [Pesticidas e Agência de Gestão de Pragas] ea EPA dos EUA, como condição para registro Poncho @ [clotianidina] nesses países, a Bayer CropScience foi solicitado para investigar a longo toxicidade prazo de clotianidina tratado com óleo de canola para abelhas forrageiras.
Então, evidentemente, o estudo Bayer desacreditado se encontra no coração da aceitação da clotianidina. (I solicitou uma entrevista com um funcionário EPA que pode falar com conhecimento e sobre o registro sobre estes assuntos, o porta-voz anônimo por pedido é, no momento da publicação, ainda olhando para a "pessoa certa", fui informado através de e-mail.)
A avaliação picadas
No mínimo, temos ampla evidência de que a EPA tem sido ignorar os avisos dos seus cientistas e pessoal próprios verde iluminando a implantação em massa de um produto químico amplamente entendida para prejudicar os polinizadores - num momento em que as abelhas estão em situação grave.
Mas por quê? Tom Theobald, o apicultor Colorado que quebrou esta história, arriscou uma resposta. "É o corporativismo, a outra face do fascismo", disse ele. "Eu não sou contra as corporações, eu acho que eles têm um bom modelo. Mas eles são como crianças - temos de controlá-los ou eles ficam fora de mão. O EPA é suposto fazer isso. "
Quando a mudança de regime veio a Washington em 2008, muitos de nós esperava que um APE com Barack Obama seria um pai melhor. Diretor EPA Lisa Jackson herdou uma grande bagunça de seu predecessor, e ela enfrenta o desafio hercúleo de regular gases de efeito estufa contra o republicano feroz e oposição da indústria.
Mas, como montagens de preocupação - a partir de sua própria equipe e em outros lugares - que clotianidina está prejudicando as abelhas, não há desculpa para a agência de Jackson para manter coddling Bayer. Frazier, o entomologista da Penn State, disse-me assim: ". Se o estudo Bayer é o estudo do núcleo da EPA usado para registrar clotianidina, então não há base para registrá-lo" Ele pediu que a EPA a retirar registro para evitar riscos desnecessários para um jogador fundamental no nosso ecossistema - como têm os governos da Alemanha, França, Itália e Eslovénia.
Nova tecnologia encontra patógenos que podem conciliar afirmações contraditórias sobre Colony Collapse Disorder
por JAMES FISCHER
James Fischer ( james.fischer @ gmail.com ) para
"A American Bee Journal" ( http://www.american beejournal.com )
(Embargado pela revista PLoS ONE até 2010/10/06 05:00 EDT)
Uma equipe multi-institucional de pesquisadores examinavam o zoológico sempre crescente de novas invasoras, patógenos exóticos de abelhas, e consistentemente encontrado os mesmos dois organismos causadores de doenças em colméias que sofrem de Transtorno do Colapso das Colônias (CCD) em amostras coletadas de 2006 a 2009.
Eles descobriram um novo vírus nunca antes visto na América do Norte, e descobriu uma variante bem conhecida invasiva da Nosema intestinal abelha doença. O vírus negligenciado pode explicar por que estudos anteriores apresentaram resultados mutuamente contraditórias. Esta nova evidência poderia criar uma base para um consenso entre equipas de investigação que até à data, faltava um terreno comum em suas conclusões.
Seu trabalho apareceu poucos minutos atrás, na revista PLoS ONE ( http://dx.plos.org / 10.1371/journal.pone.0013181 )
O artigo relata em um estudo de multi-ano de Colony Collapse Disorder. Os pesquisadores utilizaram novas tecnologias e técnicas para detectar e identificar inequivocamente cada patógeno em colapso das abelhas, em vez de o menor subconjunto de patógenos possíveis detectáveis através de outros meios.
Um vírus de Invertebrados iridescente ("IIV"), recém-encontrados na América do Norte, em combinação com Nosema ceranae, que chegou do exterior menos recentemente, foi encontrado em "Praticamente todas as abelhas de colônias CCD" amostrada dispersos urticária EUA a partir de 2006 a 2009.
IIV não foi encontrado em pacotes de abelhas importadas da Austrália nem de abelhas de uma operação isolada de abelha não migratória comercial em Montana, ambos os sites confirmou livre de CCD-como sintomas.
Além disso, os pesquisadores ", observou a progressão da CCD em uma colônia colapso ... recolha de amostras de abelhas ... ao longo de um período de três meses, terminando quando apenas uma rainha e quatro trabalhadores ficaram."
Mais ainda, alguns abelhas foram inoculadas com Nosema ceranae, enquanto outras abelhas foram inoculadas com o "IIV-6" estirpe do vírus IIV. Sua mortalidade foi então comparada às abelhas inoculadas com ambos os patógenos, e um grupo controle receberam um placebo. Os resultados "sugerem fortemente que a combinação de N. ceranae e IIV está associado com a mortalidade das abelhas aumentada."
No entanto, ainda mais, o esforço descobriram dois novos vírus de abelha invasoras exóticas nunca antes detectados na América do Norte, mas determinou que eles não estavam envolvidos no CCD. Os vírus encontrados são "Vírus Destructor-1 Varroa" e "Virus Kakugo", tanto nativa da Ásia.
Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk de U Montana apresentou os próximos passos, "Temos uma proposta pendente de isolar, caracterizar e depois inocular abelhas com o vírus específico iridescente que ocorre em abelhas nos EUA. Esta é uma etapa crítica, pois o vírus não parece ser qualquer um do mundo conhecidos vírus iridescentes. Uma vez que temos o vírus real, podemos concluir os ensaios de inoculação que são necessários para testar se temos verdadeiramente encontrado a causa do CCD. "
Proteomics - Um breve resumo
A tecnologia utilizada neste estudo parece ideal para enfrentar a crescente lista de patógenos transportados através dos oceanos pela globalização do comércio. Ele pode detectar agentes patogénicos das doenças que necessitam de não ser idêntico a qualquer agente patogénico conhecido. Este artigo descreve as necessidades dos apicultores de forma clara, dado o número de espécies invasoras, que veio a praga abelhas nos EUA desde a década de 1980.
"Mass Spectrometry-baseados em Proteômica" (MSP) começa com cerca de 60 abelhas atiradas em um liquidificador e misturada até ficar homogénea e, em seguida filtrada. As células são quimicamente estourar, e as proteínas são isoladas a partir da mistura e "digerido", decompondo-os em peptídeos. Os peptídeos resultantes são executados através de um dispositivo chamado "Cromatógrafo Líquido" para separá-los por densidade, que permite que sua estrutura e seqüência a ser determinada por um outro conjunto de dispositivos ", espectrômetros de massa em tandem".
Cada sequência peptídica é então comparado com o National Center for Biotechnology NIH (NCBI) do banco de dados de sequências peptídicas. A base de dados utilizada é uma colecção dos péptidos únicos para os organismos específicos. Isto significa que cada jogo de uma sequência peptídica é uma correspondência única para um único organismo. Qualquer péptido utilizado em mais de um organismo não estaria no banco de dados.
Dr. Charles Wick do Exército dos EUA Edgewood Chemical Biological Centro explicado o nível de certeza com a qual o vírus foi detectado em colônias que apresentem sintomas do CCD: "IIV tem 18.900 peptídeos exclusivos ... Quando detectarmos alguns destes, digamos 50-100, nós tem provas suficientes para uma identificação inequívoca ".
Mas como conseguiram fazer o que Wick Dr. chamada de "identificação inequívoca" de um vírus que foi dito pelo Dr. Bromenshenk para não ser "qualquer um do mundo conhecidos vírus iridescentes" Como alguém pode achar que nunca sequer foram detectados ou identificados antes ? A resposta é que o organismo desconhecido irá coincidir com o mais próximo organismo no banco de dados, o que estreita as coisas, pelo menos, "família" ou o nível de "gênero", se não "espécie". Assim, mesmo sem ter seqüenciado a estirpe específica do IIV de interesse, peptídeos suficientes combinava com a cepa IIV no banco de dados para confirmar que o que foi encontrado foi uma linhagem de IIV.
Como um exemplo do molde de largura líquido por esta técnica, Nosema não foi bem representado na base de dados NCBI, então não havia alguma ambiguidade na identificação da via Nosema proteômica por si só, que satisfaça os apenas Nosema do género. A espécie e da estirpe foi confirmado como Nosema ceranae usando Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR).
Os créditos em Espanha deveu-se essencialmente
A pesquisa conduzida por Higes Mariano da Patologia Bee Laboratório, Centro Apícola Regional em Marchamalo, a Espanha tem repetidamente salientado a Nosema ceranae como a única causa imediata do colapso colônia rápida. Isso parecia improvável que os pesquisadores nos EUA e em outros lugares, como Nosema não parecia ser tão virulenta fora da Espanha. Mas este novo trabalho fornece uma explicação que poderia apoiar o trabalho Higes com nada mais do que a adição do IIV recém-detectado.
Como em estudos anteriores nos EUA, ninguém na Espanha teria tido motivos para suspeitar que um vírus DNA como IIV estaria envolvido, como a maior parte dos vírus de abelha são os vírus de RNA. Então, eles ainda tenho que procurar IIV na Espanha, e eles não tiveram a rede mais ampla de MSP para encontrar o que não estava sendo procurado. A boa notícia é que o Dr. Higes tem amostras históricos congelados. Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk relatórios que a equipe Higes está disposta a se engajar em um esforço conjunto para examinar as amostras espanholas, utilizando MSP.
Isso explica CCD nos EUA?
As amostras analisadas neste estudo, apresentaram uma ampla gama de patógenos, incluindo Nosema, invertebrados Virus iridescente ("IIV"), Preto do vírus na célula rainha, Vírus da Paralisia Aguda Bee, Vírus Israelense da Paralisia Aguda, deformado Virus Wing, Sac Brood Virus, Caxemira Bee Virus, Varroa Destructor-1 Virus, vírus e Kakugo. Nenhum dos patógenos suspeitos nomeados por outros esforços de pesquisa foram perdidas, dois novos patógenos e romance foram encontrados, eo uso de MSP implica que não patógenos foram ignorados. Mesmo patógeno um novo e desconhecido, sem nome e teria resultado em um jogo de peptídeo parcial a alguma coisa viva.
Assim, enquanto as contagens ou mistura de agentes patogénicos podem ter sido desviado por um número insuficiente de amostras, ou recolha de amostras de um número insuficiente de operações, é difícil imaginar que existem agentes patogénicos adicionais ainda não foi encontrado que poderia estar implicada na CCD .
Insegurança sobre Biossegurança
Desde os anos 1980, "Globalização" tem cada vez mais composta das transferências de mercadorias provenientes de portos asiáticos a costa ocidental. Esta investigação conecta os pontos de forma consistente encontrar patógenos específicos de abelhas nativas da Ásia, desconhecidos para os apicultores dos EUA no início de 1980, mas que desde então se tornou muito familiar:
"Sabemos que no mel de abelha asiática, Apis ceranae, uma combinação de parasitas e patógenos co-existentes, incluindo: (1) Nosema ceranae (2), um vírus iridescente, (3) ácaros parasitas e predadores, e (4) outros dois do tipo RNA vírus, Caxemira vírus de abelha e um vírus Sacbrood. Tivemos tanto Caxemira abelha vírus e Nosema ceranae na América do Norte voltar uma década ou mais. Precisamos ver como semelhante a estirpe do vírus da CCD iridescente é a tensão IIV-24 a partir de Apis ceranae. É possível que as abelhas dos EUA adquirido a partir da IIV ceranae Apis juntamente com Nosema ceranae e vírus Kashmir abelha. "
Enquanto infundadas "Fringe" explicações para CCD são abundantes, que vão desde telefones celulares a pesticidas em culturas de OGM, o fator comum é que os patógenos encontrados anteriormente apenas na Ásia, se espalhou para países que carecem de biossegurança eficaz, tais como os EUA, mas não para os países com mais abordagens sólidas para a segurança biológica, como a Nova Zelândia. A equipa de investigação sugere que "as práticas padrão de quarentena, tais como testes de abelhas importadas antes de serem adicionados às colônias, e desinfecção de equipamentos provavelmente ajudaria."
Implicações práticas para apicultores
A equipe tem duas sugestões de interesse para os apicultores:
- "A maioria dos IIVs replicar em cerca de 21 C (70 F) e não replicar acima 30-32 C (86 - 89 f). Temperaturas mais altas podem suprimir o vírus por deter a replicação, enquanto que o tempo fresco e húmido, pode acelerar a replicação de ambos IIV e Nosema. Muitos casos de CCD ter ocorrido na sequência de longos períodos de tempo frio e úmido. Vários apicultores relataram-nos que eles têm mais problemas com abelhas em áreas com neblina freqüente ou em áreas montanhosas onde o clima é mais frio. Colocando abelhas em regiões quentes e ensolaradas aparece para ajudar. "
- "Varroa pode atuar como um vetor para a dispersão de IIV entre colônias de abelhas. Varroa é conhecido para aumentar os danos causados por outros vírus, e apicultores que não conseguem controlar os níveis de varroa são susceptíveis de manter as perdas de colónias elevadas. "
Isto pode não parecer muito, mas é uma grande melhoria sobre os chavões habituais vagas fomos entregues e mais sobre "manter colônias fortes" e "minimizar o estresse". Ele também levanta a aposta no velho debate entre os apicultores sobre colocação de colmeias no sol contra colocação de colmeias na sombra.
"Iridovirus e microsporídio Vinculado ao mel Declínio colônia de abelhas"
Jerry J. Bromenshenk, Colin B. Henderson, Charles H. Wick, Michael F. Stanford, Alan W. Zulich, Rabih E. Jabbour, Samir V. Deshpande, Patrick E. McCubbin, Robert A. Seccomb, Phillip M. Welch, Trevor Williams, David R. Firth, Evan Skowronski, Margaret M. Lehmann, Shan L. Bilimoria, Joanna Gress, Kevin W. Wanner, Robert A. Cramer Jr.
(2010) PLoS ONE 5 (10): e13181. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013181
Jim Fischer mantém abelhas em Manhattan, Brooklyn e Bronx, e espera arrecadar rainhas em Queens. Ele ensina o livre de 16 semanas classe apicultura semestre inteiro urbana no Central Park de Nova York para o 846-membro do Grupo de Apicultura sem fins lucrativos NYC ( http://meetup.com/nyc-beekeeping ) e ajuda a executar o Gotham Mel Cidade Co -Op ( http://GothamCityBees.com ).
Mais evidências. Estou feliz de elevar esses artigos para mais leitores. DNR-
http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/43568
27 de agosto de 2010
Insecticide implicated in bee decline
Honeybees, bumblebees and many other insects are being slowly poisoned to death by persistent insecticides used to protect agricultural crops. Small doses of the toxic chemicals accumulate over time, meaning that there is no safe level of exposure. That's the conclusion from recent research looking at the long-term effects of a commonly used class of insecticides.
As they buzz from flower to flower, bees, moths and hoverflies carry out a vital job. Around one third of agricultural crops are pollinated by these busy insects, a service that is worth £440 ma year to the UK economy alone.
But in recent years these valuable pollinators have been struggling, with populations plummeting worldwide. Honeybees in particular have been suffering, with colony collapse disorder (CCD) – a phenomenon where the bees desert the hive – becoming more common in Europe and North America.
Controversy has swirled around the issue, and everything from mobile phones to GM crops have been blamed. Now new studies indicate that insecticides are playing a significant role.
The most recent studies have exposed a variety of insects to varying doses of neonicotinoid insecticides over long time periods – 12 months or more. Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used worldwide; they work by acting on the central nervous system of the insect. The chemicals have little affinity for vertebrate nervous systems, so they are much less toxic to mammals and birds.
The researchers found that the total dose of insecticide required to kill the insect was smaller if administered over a longer time period ( Ecotoxicology (2009) 18:343–354 ). In the case of honeybees, up to 6000 times less insecticide was required to kill them if it was administered in multiple tiny doses over a long time period.
According to Henk Tennekes, a researcher at Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) in the Netherlands, these findings make perfect sense. “Start by considering a high exposure level,” he said. “It may cause an early effect, such as cancer or mortality. At a much lower exposure level you may get a late effect. However, as it turns out, in the latter case you need much less of the stuff (in total) to produce the effect.” Tennekes describes the findings in a forthcoming paper in Toxicology .
So how do these insecticides achieve such a powerful long-term effect? The answer lies in the way that they work. Neonicotinoids bind irreversibly to receptors in the central nervous system of insects. “An insect has a limited amount of such receptors,” explained Jeroen van der Sluijs, a scientist at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, who has also worked on the problem. “The damage is cumulative: with every exposure more receptors are blocked until the damage is so big that the insect cannot function anymore and dies.”
Even small doses over a short time period can cause serious problems. At low doses insects have been observed to become disorientated and less co-ordinated in their movements, making them easier prey for predators. Sub-lethal effects such as this weaken the insect; they particularly jeopardize social insects, which depend on the entire colony being healthy for survival.
Right now it still isn't possible to say if neonicotinoids are the sole cause of CCD in honeybees, but it seems likely that they play a significant role. “It explains the rapid increase in CCD since 2004, which coincides with the rapid growth in worldwide use of neonicotinoids – the most widely used class of insecticides,” said van der Sluijs.
Currently the insecticides are commonly used to coat seeds, regardless of whether there are many insect pests or not. They leach easily into soil and water and are taken up readily by plants, making the entire plant toxic to insects. And as the new research shows, even at very low levels they have the potential to cause huge damage to insect populations. “I think these insecticides need to be replaced by less long-lived alternatives that are less toxic to honeybees and less prone to leaching,” said Tennekes.
Sobre o autor
March 30, 2010 -The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service , in conjunction with the Apiary Inspectors of America , is conducting a voluntary survey to determine the bee colony losses for the 2009/2010 winter. This survey is not just for beekeepers with huge numbers of hives, even small-scale beekeepers are encouraged to participate. The survey takes approximately two minutes, and is completely anonymous.
Data collection efforts such as this may be crucial to understanding bee-related diseases that affect colonies, including colony collapse disorder. The scope of this problem may be poorly understood. According to Peter Borst, a former New York State apiary inspector, no one really knows how many beehives are out there. USDA estimates of 2.6 million bee colonies in the US are derived from national surveys and farm surveys that don't count the thousands of small apiaries (fewer than five hives)
managed by hobby beekeepers. Based on Borst's local knowledge, as many as 90% of the local beekeepers may have elected to not register with the state — which is where the national surveys start for the data.
The more beekeepers who participate, the more data the USDA has to work with, which may help researchers get closer to understanding a perplexing problem in our agricultural world. Dr. Jeff Pettis, Research Leader at the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, notes that last year they surveyed beekeepers who managed about half a million colonies. Pettis hopes this year's response to be even greater. 1
If you know a beekeeper with one hive or one hundred, share this information with them. Good research requires good data.
Dear Beekeeper:The Apiary Inspectors of America and the USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory are seeking your help in tabulating the winter losses that occurred over the winter of 2009-2010. This continues the AIA/USDA survey efforts from the past 3 years which has been important in quantifying the losses of honey bees for government, media, and researchers.
This year's survey is faster, easier and does not require your time on the phone. It is all web based and automatic, just fill and click.
Please take a few moments to fill out our winter loss survey at: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/beeloss0910
This survey will be conducted until April 16th, 2010.
We would also appreciate it if you would forward this email to other beekeepers. The more responses the better. If you have any questions or concerns please email beeloss@gmail.com , or Honeybee.Survey@aphis.usda.gov .
Thanks in advance for your assistance.
Jeff Pettis; USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory
Dennis vanEngelsdorp; Penn State University
Jerry Hayes; Florida Department of Agriculture
Dewey Caron; University of Delaware and Oregon State University
What would Rachel Carson say to this story? The business publications are an echo-chamber of headlines reading “procedural issues” were what made spirotetramat illegal to sell, while other blogs and newspapers focus of the press release's spin (harm to bees). The monopoly market publications would like to tell their readers/advertisers that it wasn't banned because of proven harm to the pollinators and ecosystems (the same ecosystems that support the damned economy in the first place), no no… it was banned because the EPA and BayerCrop Science broke the laws , aka “procedures,” and got busted! Why don't they say “legal issues lead to ban of pesticide” or “secret law breaking discovered, leads to pesticide ban” or “NRDC and Xerces were watching while we tried to sell poison without EPA/public approval and they blew the whistle on behalf of science and public laws designed to protect the People from the Corporation”? (see evidence of eco-chamber ) This story reveals the fraud and deceit that is Bayer CropScience and revolving door EPA cronies. It's so easy to sell their poison and bio-warfare in China and Brazil, because those countries don't have public oversight like the USA has with the EPA - Environmental Protection Agency. It's time to review and renew our appreciation and understanding of our EPA . This story is really about the Xerces Society and National Resource Defense Council forcing the EPA to follow its own rules and public protection “procedures.” Had it not been for them, the EPA and Bayer CropScience would have simply violated the law in secrecy and ineptitude, exactly what Bare CrapScience wants to see happen, IMHO. Important to note that well-known commercial beekeepers Dave Hackenberg (and Dave Mendes?) worked with Bayer CropScience to field test the effects of spirotetramat on honeybees in Florida. Click image for PDF of report.
Here's a nice footnote from the Judge Cote's ruling:
It is undisputed that the plaintiffs have standing to bring this case. See Connecticut v. Am. Elec. Power Co., 582 F.3d 309, 339 (2d Cir. 2009) (“An association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when: (a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation ofthe lawsuit.” (citation omitted)).
Judge Pulls Pesticide After Finding Impacts on Bees Inadequately Evaluated by EPA ( Beyond Pesticides , January 4, 2010) – A pesticide that could be dangerously toxic to America's honey bees must be pulled from store shelves as a result of a suit filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Xerces Society. In an order issued in December, a federal court in New York invalidated EPA's approval of the pesticide spirotetramat (manufactured by Bayer CropScience under the trade names Movento and Ultor) and ordered the agency to reevaluate the chemical in compliance with the law. The court's order goes into effect on January 15, 2010, and makes future sales of Movento illegal in the United States. “This sends EPA and Bayer back to the drawing board to reconsider the potential harm to bees caused by this new pesticide,” said NRDC Senior Attorney Aaron Colangelo. “EPA admitted to approving the pesticide illegally, but argued that its violations of the law should have no consequences. The Court disagreed and ordered the pesticide to be taken off the market until it has been properly evaluated. Bayer should not be permitted to run what amounts to an uncontrolled experiment on bees across the country without full consideration of the consequences.” In June 2008, EPA approved Movento for nationwide use on hundreds of different crops, including apples, pears, peaches, oranges, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, almonds, and spinach. The approval process went forward without the advance notice and opportunity for public comment that is required by federal law and EPA's own regulations. In addition, EPA failed to evaluate fully the potential damage to the nation's already beleaguered bee populations or conduct the required analysis of the pesticide's economic, environmental, and social costs. Beekeepers and scientists have expressed concern over Movento's potential impact on beneficial insects such as honey bees. The pesticide impairs the insect's ability to reproduce. EPA's review of Bayer's scientific studies found that trace residues of Movento brought back to the hive by adult bees could cause “significant mortality” and “massive perturbation” to young honeybees (larvae). According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), bees pollinate $15 billion worth of crops grown in America. USDA also claims that one out of every three mouthfuls of food in the typical American diet has a connection to bee pollination. Yet bee colonies in the United States have seen significant declines in recent years due to a combination of stressors, almost certainly including insecticide exposure. “This case underscores the need for us to re-examine how we evaluate the impact of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment,” said Mr. Colangelo. “In approving Movento, EPA identified but ignored potentially serious harms to bees and other pollinators. We are in the midst of a pollinator crisis, with more than a third of our colonies disappearing in recent years. Given how important these creatures are to our food supply, we simply cannot look past these sorts of problems.” View the court decision here . Read Beyond Pesticides' read factsheet: Pollinators and Pesticides: Escalating crisis demands action and Backyard Beekeeping: Providing pollinator habitat one yard at a time . See more information on threats to honey bees at NRDC .
Report on Bee Mortality and Bee Surveillance in Europe
from http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/online/default.asp?Date=12/18/2009
AFSSA, the French Food Safety Agency completed a 218-page report on honey bee mortality and the ways that colony losses are monitored in Europe, December 8, 2009. The European Food Safety Authority commissioned the study and published the report. Initially, AFSSA set up a consortium of seven European bee disease research institutes in France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
The project covers 1) a description and critical analysis of surveillance programs that measured colony loss; 2) the collection and analysis of the epidemiological data sets on colony losses; and 3) a critical review and selection of relevant literature on the possible causes and risk factors of colony losses.
The researchers found that bee colony losses in Europe and the USA are multifactorial which include beekeeping and husbandy practices, environmental factors, biological agents as well as excessive use of pesticides. The interaction of these factors create stress, weaken bees' defense system allowing pests and pathogens to kill the colony.
3.2.3.3 Chemical agents
The debate on chemical agents is mainly concentrated on the agrochemicals used for crop treatments. Neonicotinoids are the focus of the greatest interest in the literature (imidacloprid, clothianidin and fipronil); other publications just mention “pesticides” in general, but certainly with an implicit consideration of neonicotinoids (Figure 75). Scientists are clearly divided on the role of these pesticides, as illustrated in Table 14. Although no involvement of pesticides has been proven for colony losses or CCD, a significant amount of pesticide residues are frequently found in the studies analysing bees, pollen and wax, usually at sublethal levels. A question arises, therefore, about the possibility for a conjunction of chemical residues present in the hive at sublethal concentrations, which may produce a lethal effect or clinical signs affecting the ability of colony to survive. Several authors mention these pesticides as factors contributing to stress or weakening of colonies which, once again, may “open the door” to other causative factors.
3.2.3.2 Biological agents
A significant number of biological agents are reported to be involved in colony losses. Viruses are the biological agents most frequently mentioned (Figure 73). As more than 15 different viruses are known to infect bees, often without any clinical symptoms and since, co-infection with several viruses is not uncommon, they are the subject of much research. Due to their frequent presence, they are found in many colony losses cases where it is very difficult to determine whether they are at the origin of the losses, or just co-factors. Of the eight viruses mentioned in the literature, IABPV is the most frequently mentioned, and some scientists consider it as a “marker” of CCD in the United States (Figure 74). Varroa, Nosema spp and Acarapis woodi infections are the three other most commonly mentioned biological factors. Some scientists consider them to be causative factors in a certain amount of colony losses (for Nosema mainly in Spain). Others consider that they are co- factors, contributing to the stress of the colony or contributing to the “expression” of colony mortality as causative factor of death for a colony already weakened by other stress factors. This is why the factors “multiple infection” and “unidentified disease” appear in the assumptions made by the authors. All these hypotheses open the floor to a debate on possible treatments to prevent or cure these infections. This links together these biological agents with chemical factors and beekeeping practices because beekeeping practices and chemical treatments are used to control infections. The debate on the involvement of the various biological agents is clearly expressed in the author's opinions summarised in Table 13 with a high rate of “possible involvement” and balanced reports between “unlikely” and “very likely”.
3.2.4 Conclusion and perspectives
The work package on literature review allowed the development of a specific methodology for literature search and analysis. The “priority 1″ references selected and reviewed validate the objectivity of the literature search which is expressed through the variability and the balanced topics included. The results of this work regarding risk and causative factors involved in colony losses have to be taken as a “snap shot” of the scientific community's opinion as they are today; these are also “time sensitive”, and evolving due to the amount of ongoing research which will likely lead to new findings and a better understanding of the factors involved in the coming months or years.
To summarise this picture, common consensus amongst the scientific community about the multi-factorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States (in the two aspects of this term: combination of factors at one place and different factors involved according to place and period considered) suggests the following factors are important, namely: beekeeping practices (feeding, migratory beekeeping, colony husbandry, treatments applied and so forth), environmental factors (climate, available forage, biodiversity, etc.), chemical factors (pesticides) or biological agents (Varroa, Nosema spp, etc.) which together create stress, weaken bees' immune systems that then allow pests and pathogens to kill the colony (eg one or several parasites, viruses, etc.).
Figure78. Factors involved in colony losses
Questions remain about the sequence of events that lead to colony mortality, and future studies should be designed and conducted to address this:
- There are many inconsistencies in the ways in which “colony losses” are defined. Up to 17 different definitions for CCD in the literature. This means that involved persons may not always be referring to the same phenomenon, and this creates confusion when trying to explain the origin of what has been identified in the field. The described pathology is varied, with authors/using the same descriptions for different sets of circumstances. A specific study should be undertaken to clearly categorise and quantify the various expressions of colony losses in the field. This study will be closely linked to the strengthening of surveillance systems;
- High concentrations of pesticides have rarely been identified in relation to colony losses (CCD in USA and winter colony losses in Europe) although acute events of pesticide toxicity are well described during the production season (and clearly differentiated from CCD and winter colony losses). However, the questions of possible synergistic effects of various pesticides and the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal doses of pesticides remains, and requires further investigation;
- Biological agents such as parasites, viruses or bacteria, alone or in combination, have clearly been identified as important factors in colony losses. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge about the exact mechanisms and/or interactions involved, that must also be addressed;
- Even though the multifactorial origin of colony losses is well acknowledged, the respective role of each factor as a risk or causative agent is unknown, and no hierarchy of relative threat posed by each one has been established. These matters require further investigation using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies).
Conclusão
This bee surveillance project sought information on both the prevalence of honey bee colony losses, and the surveillance systems respectively in 27 European countries. Through a standardised questionnaire, each of the surveillance systems collecting these data was evaluated. In addition, a thorough literature search of the existing databases, as well as relevant grey literature about causes of colony losses was completed, and the literature evaluated.
The main conclusions from project activities can be summarised as follows:
- General weakness and high variability of most of the surveillance systems in the 25 systems investigated;
- Lack of representative data at country level and comparable data at EU level for colony losses;
- Common consensus of the scientific community about the multifactorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States and insufficient knowledge of causative and risk factors for colony losses.
From these finding the consortium makes the following recommendations:
1. Implementation of a sustainable European network for coordination and follow-up of surveillance, and research on colony losses to underpin monitoring programmes;
2. Strengthen standardization at European level by harmonization of surveillance systems, data collected and by developing common performance indicators;
3. Build on the examples of best practice found in existing surveillance systems on communicable and notifiable diseases already present in some countries;
4. Undertake specific studies that build on the existing work in progress to improve the knowledge and understanding of factors that affect bee health (for example stress caused by pathogens, pesticides, environmental and technological factors and their interactions) using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies);
5. The set up of the coordination team at European level. This is a crucial issue and the coordination team should be organized in such a way so as to ensure its sustainability and to enable effective surveillance programme activities at the European level.
Complete report attached and also here: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/27e.htm
Beekeeper: No need to kill bees for the Padres
Removing bees live is less dangerous than trying to kill them, a professional beekeeper writes.
Friday, July 3, 2009
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An unidentified usher tries to move a swarm of bees as they cover a chair in left field during the ninth inning of the Padres game on Thursday. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)
A honey bee swarm delayed an Astros-Padres' baseball game for 52 minutes on Thursday, while a “beekeeper” was called to exterminate them.
I was appalled that a swarm of bees was destroyed in front of thousands of baseball fans! How many more people, probably millions, that saw the incident on national TV now have the message that it is necessary or advisable to kill a swarm of bees this way?
I was disgusted and horrified. I remove swarms of honey bees alive every day. Beekeepers do not exterminate bees!
Something had to be done quickly at Petco Park of course. But exterminating them took as long as it would to collect them, and stirred the remaining bees into a frenzy. I contend that far from being the safe option, this was a risky one.
Benign swarm
Bees in a swarm are at their most benign. When a colony becomes too crowded, the workers create a new queen. Just before the new queen hatches, the old queen leaves the hive with a large proportion of the workers, headed for a new location. This is how new bee hives are created.
Before they depart the hive, the bees fill up with honey to sustain them until they can start foraging again. They're feeling pretty good, just as you do after a good meal.
They have no hive to defend so are very unlikely to sting anyone. In fact, since they are full of honey, it's physically difficult for them to sting.
This cluster of bees is called a swarm. They collect somewhere temporarily while the scout bees look for a permanent new location. This is what we saw at Petco Park on Thursday.
Urban myth of killer bees
I frequently collect swarms without any protective clothing. It shouldn't be necessary.
In more than 20 years of keeping bees, I have collected hundreds of swarms. I have never come across a credible story of anyone being attacked by a swarm of bees. I believe it is an urban myth.
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Bees under threat
Honey bees are under a serious threat at the moment. Colonies have been mysteriously dying, not only in the US, but across most of Europe. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) leaves the hive completely devoid of bees.
The cause is not known but it is very worrying. Bees account for much of the fresh food we eat by way of pollination.
Farmers, not known for throwing money about, spend billions of dollars annually to rent hives of bees from commercial beekeepers to pollinate crops.
Crops depend on honey bees
Who hasn't heard that bees are in trouble? We need honey bees. It has been said that one third of all food grown depends on honey bees for pollination. What kind of message does killing 20,000 bees on national television send to the public?
I know people were frightened. But if they had called a true beekeeper, not an exterminator, the bees would have been removed humanely, alive, without the risk of those stray bees, which remained after the exterminator sprayed them.
In some parts of the world it is illegal to exterminate bees unless a beekeeper has inspected the situation and been unable to remove them alive. This should be the case in the United States.
Padres' response
Richard Andersen, Executive VP, Ballpark Management & General Manager of PETCO Park, called me in response to an email I sent. He was very keen to get the facts and I'm sure in future they will try to take the socially responsible action. The Padres won an award.
Tom Garfinkel quipped that Luke Yoder, Padres' director of field and landscape maintenance, has a beekeeper on speed-dial. I say next time, call a professional beekeeper to do the right thing!
There is a network of true beekeepers who would respond straightaway in circumstances like these.
Geoff Kipps-Bolton is owner of San Diego Bees and www.bees-on-the-net.com.
http://www.sdnn.com/sandiego/2009-07-03/news/beekeeper-no-need-to-kill-bees-for-the-padres
Kim Flottum found out for us (thaaaaaank youuu!)
A year ago USDA CSREES (Cooperative State Research Extension Education Service) awarded a $4.1 million grant to a group of university researchers for the express purpose of solving the current honey bee health problems confronting the beekeeping industry. Without actually nailing it down, this was a project to look into the current Colony Collapse Disorder malady and, over four years, find out what was going on. But at the same time the grant was to fund an extensive education program for beekeepers, and to develop as much information as possible so beekeepers could keep their bees healthy, and had a place to go for questions … and answers. Moreover, 25% of the funds were to go to study non-apis pollinators, such as bumble bees, alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and the like. To date, this is the only government money to be distributed to beekeeping researchers to study this problem other than normal budgetary funds to keep the USDA projects up and running.
So what's happened in a year? I'm glad you asked, because I wanted to know too. So I ventured to the University of Georgia in Athens to visit with Dr. Keith Delaplane , the leader of this large and varied group studying this large and varied problem.
In this first year each of the cooperators in the program have hired the people they need to work with or brought on board the grad students who will do the work or the post-doc who will assist in the project. Probably the biggest accomplishment so far, said Dr. Delaplane, is the establishment of the seven stationary apiaries to monitor honey bee health and the environment. These apiaries, consisting of 30 colonies each, are in Maine, Florida, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Texas, Washington and California. Each is administered by one of the researchers and will be managed using the techniques particular to their respective locations … bees in Minnesota are not managed on the same calendar or with the same methods as those bees in Texas, for instance. But each area does have best management practices that reflect these differences, and those will be followed.
However, one constant is that each colony in each of these apiaries will be sampled once a month for the duration of the study to look at what's going on inside. Samples of bees, honey and wax will be taken, and measurements of bees and brood will all be taken routinely. The samples will go to a lab at Penn State to look for viruses and nosema disease, to the University of Minnesota to count nosema spores, and to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station to look at the pollen and wax samples for residues of agricultural pesticides. At the same time, USDA scientists will be taking identical samples, and doing identical counts from a series of migratory beekeeping operations. Samples and data will be identical from each apiary and each migratory operation, and at the end the mountain of data will be easily comparable and very useful, said Delaplane.
Because this grant also covers non-apis bees (that is, bees that are not honey bees) identical samples will be taken from managed non-apis bees at each of the apiary sites. Scientists are looking for cross infections or other relationships.
Other non-apis projects include looking at increasing the efficiency and reducing the stress of managed bumblebees when used for pollination. The effects of the neonicitinoid pesticides on non-apis bees are also being studied, and especially the sub-lethal effects and any effects from residues. Isso deve ser interessante.
Meanwhile, the Extension and Education part of this has moved right along, and in July the USDA is launching its eXtension.org website. It is to be a one-stop shopping experience for agricultural information. The honey bee health section is housed and administered from the University of Kentucky in Lexington. All of the information that goes on this web page, the bee page included, is well-researched and well-refereed work, with oversight by a large team of honey bee scientists. There will be a Frequently Asked Questions section, an Ask The Expert question, Best Management Guides section and more. All coming from the Bee Health Community group. This effort will be federally supported, but all states will contribute with funds from their individual extension budgets. This will, over time I imagine, erode the personnel in each state's Extension core. Unfortunate, but at least there won't be a vacuum left behind.
Other Funded Bee Research
- Investigating the genetic makeup of the varroa mite
University and USDA scientists in Texas and IN are looking at this from the molecular level, looking for those genes responsible for the varroa -sensitive hygienic behavior. This trait allows bees to detect larva in a capped cell that have varroa and remove them. This keeps the mite's populations in check without chemicals. Moreover, once identified queen producers will be able to certify that their bees do have the gene and should exhibit that behavior. - Understanding honey bee viruses
Scientists at Penn State are doing cage studies with bees looking at the effects of individual viruses, and then the effects of different viruses combined. - Untangling the health effects of nosema parasites
Many insects species suffer from different species of nosema … is looking at this disease, while scientists at Michigan and Kentucky are trying to produce honey bees with only a single problem … nosema apis , or nosema ceranae , but not other problems at the same time. Once isolated, they will then look at these diseases in combination with viruses, and combinations of viruses. - Understanding the effects of miticides (pesticides)
Lab studies looking at the effects of individual and the synergism of the all of the miticides beekeepers use in a hive are being conducted in Nebraska. Along the same lines, effects of these chemicals on queen viability and drone sperm production are being looked at. - Investigating the effects of farm pesticides
Ag chemicals have been blamed for much/some/all/none of colony collapse disorder – take your pick. But that should be answered by studies looking at the effects of these on larvae and nurse bees. That should be interesting, but the funding for this particular project is still on hold. - Rearing healthy queen bees
Think Globally, but act Locally is kind of the theme for the work being done in Washington and New York. Genetic diversity seems to be lacking, at least in some operations due to the small number of commercial beekeepers producing queens. Thus, more queen producers are needed and they should be more localized and regional rather than all coming from a central location, goes the thinking. Researchers will be setting up educational programs to develop local and regional queen production operations to capitalize on the diversity of a lot of regions. But first they have to find some…that's what they are doing now.
So, after year one, seven stationary apiaries are set up and running, along with migratory operations being sampled, a host of research projects are up and running, or are almost there, and the eXtension web page, loaded with tons of honey bee health information is due to be launched next month. $4.1 million, one year later.
See comments:
http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/blogs/bees/colony-collapse-disorder-88061601?src=rss
Public release date: 4-Jun-2009
Contact: Dennis O'Brien
dennis.obrien@ars.usda.gov
301-504-1624
Public Library of Science
Bee-killing parasite genome sequenced
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have sequenced the genome of a parasite that can kill honey bees. Nosema ceranae is one of many pathogens suspected of contributing to the current bee population decline, termed colony collapse disorder (CCD). Researchers describe the parasite's genome in a study published June 5 in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens .
In 2006, CCD began devastating commercial beekeeping operations, with some beekeepers reporting losses of up to 90 percent, according to the USDA. Researchers believe CCD may be the result of a combination of pathogens, parasites and stress factors, but the cause remains elusive. At stake are honey bees that play a valuable part in a $15 billion industry of crop farming in the United States.
The microsporidian Nosema is a fungus-related microbe that produces spores that bees consume when they forage. Infection spreads from their digestive tract to other tissues. Within weeks, colonies are either wiped out or lose much of their strength. Nosema apis was the leading cause of microsporidia infections among domestic bee colonies until recently when N. ceranae jumped from Asian honey bees to the European honey bees used commercially in the United States.
The ARS scientists used genetic tools and microscopic analysis at the ARS Bee Research Laboratory (BRL) in Beltsville, Maryland to examine N. ceranae . They collaborated with colleagues at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York, and 454 Life Sciences, of Branford, Connecticut.
Sequencing the genome should help scientists trace the parasite's migration patterns, determine how it became dominant, and help resolve the spread of infection by enabling the development of diagnostic tests and treatments.
ARS is a scientific research agency in the US Department of Agriculture.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Supported by the USDA-ARS Administrator fund, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (JDE, JC, JP), North America Pollinator Protection Campaign, www.pollinator.org (JE, JC), USDA-NRI grant # 2002-0256, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (JE), Northeast Biodefense Center Grant # U54AI57158, www.nbc.columbia.edu (WIL), and Google.org Contract # 17-2008, www.google.org (WIL). O financiadores não tiveram nenhum papel no desenho do estudo, coleta de dados e análise, a decisão de publicar, ou a preparação do manuscrito. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this paper is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
COMPETING INTERESTS: ME, SH, and BD are employed by 454 Life Sciences/Roche Applied Sciences.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000464 (link will go live upon embargo lift)
CITATION: Cornman RS, Chen YP, Schatz MC, Street C, Zhao Y, et al. (2009) Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees. PLoS Pathog 5(6): e1000466. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000466
Renúncia
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About PLoS Pathogens
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Pesticides indicted in bee deaths
Agriculture officials have renewed their scrutiny of the world's best-selling pest-killer as they try to solve the mysterious collapse of the nation's hives.
By Julia Scott
Salon.com
http://www.salon.com/env/feature/2009/05/18/bees_pesticides/
May 18, 2009 - Gene Brandi will always rue the summer of 2007. That's when the California beekeeper rented half his honeybees, or 1,000 hives, to a watermelon farmer in the San Joaquin Valley at pollination time. The following winter, 50 percent of Brandi's bees were dead.
“They pretty much disappeared,” says Brandi, who's been keeping bees for 35 years.Since the advent in 2006 of colony collapse disorder , the mysterious ailment that continues to decimate hives across the country, Brandi has grown accustomed to seeing up to 40 percent of his bees vanish each year, simply leave the hive in search of food and never come back. Mas este era diferente. Instead of losing bees from all his colonies, Brandi watched the ones that skipped watermelon duty continue to thrive.
Brandi discovered the watermelon farmer had irrigated his plants with imidacloprid, the world's best-selling insecticide created by Bayer CropScience Inc. , one of the world's leading producers of pesticides and genetically modified vegetable seeds, with annual sales of $8.6 billion. Blended with water and applied to the soil, imidacloprid creates a moist mixture the bees likely drank from on a hot day.
Stories like Brandi's have become so common that the National Honeybee Advisory Board, which represents the two biggest beekeeper associations in the US, recently asked the US Environmental Protection Agency to ban the product. “We believe imidacloprid kills bees — specifically, that it causes bee colonies to collapse,” says Clint Walker, co-chairman of the board.
Beekeepers have singled out imidacloprid and its chemical cousin clothianidin, also produced by Bayer CropScience, as a cause of bee die-offs around the world for over a decade. More recently, the same products have been blamed by American beekeepers, who claim the product is a cause of colony collapse disorder, which has cost many commercial US beekeepers at least a third of their bees since 2006, and threatens the reliability of the world's food supply.
Scientists have started to turn their attention to both products, which are receiving new scrutiny in the US, due to a disclosure in December 2007 by Bayer CropScience itself. Bayer scientists found imidacloprid in the nectar and pollen of flowering trees and shrubs at concentrations high enough to kill a honeybee in minutes. The disclosure recently set in motion product reviews by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the EPA. The tests are scheduled to wrap up in 2014, though environmentalists, including the Sierra Club, are petitioning the EPA to speed up the work.
For over a decade, Bayer CropScience has been forced to defend the family of insecticides against calls for a ban by beekeepers and environmentalists. French beekeepers succeeded in having imidacloprid banned for use on several crops after a third of the country's bees died following its use in 1999 — although the French bee population never quite rebounded, as Bayer is quick to point out. Germany banned the use of clothianidin and seven other insecticides in 2008 after tests implicated them in killing up to 60 percent of honeybees in southwest Germany.
Imidacloprid and clothianidin are chloronicotinoids, a synthetic compound that combines nicotine, a powerful toxin, with chlorine to attack an insect's nervous system. The chemical is applied to the seed of a plant, added to soil, or sprayed on a crop and spreads to every corner of the plant's tissue, killing the pests that feed on it.Pennsylvania beekeeper John Macdonald has been keeping bees for over 30 years and recently became convinced that imidacloprid is linked to colony collapse disorder. It's the only explanation he can find for why his bees, whose hives border farmland that uses the pesticide, started dropping dead a few years ago.
“There's the pernicious toxic effect — it does everything nicotine does to our nervous system,” says Macdonald. “There's the pathological effect, the interference with basic functions. They get lost, they get disoriented. They fall to the ground. They get paralyzed and their wings stick out. I can't think of anything in the environment that's changed other than farming, and virtually every farmer is using treated seeds now.”
Bayer CropScience spokesman Jack Boyne says his company's pesticides are not to blame. “We do a lot of research on our products and we feel like we have a very good body of evidence to suggest that pesticides, including insecticides, are not the cause of colony collapse disorder,” he says. “Pesticides have been around for a lot of years now and honeybee collapse has only been a factor for the last few years.” (Imidacloprid has been approved for use in the US since 1994 and clothianidin has been used since 2003.)
Scientists continue to investigate the causes of colony collapse disorder. Leading theories suggest a combination of factors that include parasitic mites, disease, malnutrition and environmental contaminants like pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. The current EPA review will provide further insight into the role of pesticides, as it will uncover whether honeybees sickened by exposure to imidacloprid spread it around by bringing contaminated nectar and pollen back to the hive.
EPA critics suggest that the agency allowed economic considerations to take precedence over the well-being of honeybees when it approved imidacloprid for sale in the US 15 years ago. “I think the EPA and USDA [US Department of Agriculture] have been covering up for Bayer, and now they're scrambling to do something about it,” says Neil Carman, a plant biologist who advises the Sierra Club on pesticides and other issues. “This review should have been done 10 years ago. It's been found to be more persistent in the environment than was reported by Bayer.”
Imidacloprid was approved with knowledge that the product, marketed as Gaucho, Confidor, Admire and others, was lethal to honeybees under certain circumstances. Today the EPA's own literature calls it “ very highly toxic ” to honeybees and other beneficial insects. Its workaround was to slap a label on the product, warning farmers not to spray it on a plant when bees were foraging in the neighborhood.
In its 2007 studies, Bayer applied standard doses of imidacloprid to test trees, including apple, lime and dogwood. Its scientists found imidacloprid in nectar at concentrations of up to 4,000 parts per billion, a dose high enough to kill several bees at once. (Honeybees can withstand a dose of up to 185 ppb, the standard amount it would take to kill 50 percent of a test population.) What caught the attention of California agricultural officials was that the test trees contained the same amount of deadly imidacloprid as the citrus and almond groves regularly sprayed by farmers, and pollinated by bees. (California's almond industry has increased its use of imidacloprid by a factor of 300 in the past five years.) Agricultural officials were also surprised to learn that the imidacloprid can persist in the leaves and blossoms of a plant for more than a year.
The Bayer results don't surprise University of California at Davis professor Eric Mussen, a well-known entomologist and one of the country's leading experts on colony collapse disorder. Mussen has seen a variety of unpublished studies with similar results, including one at UC Riverside that found imidacloprid in the nectar of a eucalyptus tree bloom at concentrations of 550 ppb a full year after it was applied.
“From some of the data on the trees, it appears as though there are situations where honeybees can get into truly toxic doses of the material,” says Mussen, who avoids spraying imidacloprid on his own demonstration fields at UC Davis. “This the first time that we've had something you put in a tree that could stay there for a long time.”
But Mussen isn't convinced imidacloprid is a primary cause of the honeybee die-off. He explains that some bees settle on fields of sunflowers and canola treated with the chemical and then “fly right through to next year.” So imidacloprid is not the only story. “Could it be part of the story?” he asks. “I'm sure. I think any of the pesticides the bees bring back to the beehive is hurting the bees.”
Mussen adds that ongoing research into chronic exposure to insecticides will be crucial. It's likely, he says, that exposure to even low doses acts like a one-two punch: It can weaken the bees until a parasite or pathogen moves in to finish them off.
As the EPA begins its pesticide studies this year, skeptics wonder whether the agency can conduct an unbiased review. Back in 2003, they point out, the EPA reported that clothianidin was “ highly toxic to honeybees on an acute contact basis,” and suggested that chronic exposure could lead to effects on the larvae and reproductive effects on the queen. Although the EPA asked Bayer for further studies of its effects on honeybees, it nevertheless authorized the chemical for market.
“If the EPA had sufficient concern about harm to bees that they would insist on other studies, it seemed unwise to approve it anyway and ask for research after the fact,” says Aaron Colangelo, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The EPA's job is to make a decision about whether a chemical is safe or not.”
Colangelo envisions a similar scenario in coming years. The EPA has announced it will review clothianidin and other chemicals in the same family, but not until 2012. In the meantime, there's nothing stopping the agency from approving the insecticides for use on new crops based on existing policies. In the end, Colangelo has little confidence the federal agency will bring a hammer down on the agribusiness giant. The EPA, he explains, often keeps its test results confidential for proprietary reasons at a company's request. As a consequence, it's unclear where gaps or discrepancies occur until a company makes a disclosure similar to Bayer's.
“They're not making decisions about whether the pesticide can be put on the market based on impacts to bees, no matter how much evidence of harm there is,” Colangelo says. “The EPA will just approve it anyway and put a warning label on the product.”
Halting the sale of pesticides, though, would be no mean task. Over 120 countries use imidacloprid under the Bayer label on more than 140 crop varieties, as well as on termites, flea collars and home garden landscaping. And the product's patent expired a few years ago, paving the way for it to be sold as a generic insecticide by dozens of smaller corporations. In California alone, imidacloprid is the central ingredient in 247 separate products sold by 50 different companies.
In a statement, the EPA says that before banning a pesticide, it “must find that an 'imminent hazard' exists. The federal courts have ruled that to make this finding, EPA must conclude, among other things, that there is a substantial likelihood that imminent, serious harm will be experienced from use of the pesticide.” The EPA did not clarify what is meant by “imminent hazard” and why the death of honeybees does not qualify.
As Mussen points out, though, a few million dead honeybees may be the cost of doing business. “If they didn't register products that were toxic to honeybees, there wouldn't be a lot of products on the market that were available for pest control.”
All the more reason to start taking the world's most ubiquitous insecticide off the market and invent a safer one, argues Walker, of the National Honeybee Advisory Board. “It's on every golf course, it's on every lawn. It's not just an agricultural product. There's really not one part of our lives it's not touching.”
YOUR HELP IS NEEDED TO SECURE FARM BILL FUNDING
FOR NATIVE AND MANAGED POLLINATOR RESEARCH
Please contact your Senators and ask them to sign on to a letter by Senator Boxer in support of vital research on agricultural pollinators. Please read below for additional information. The deadline for Senators to sign on to this letter is Wednesday, May 6.
Find the contact information for your Senator's office
Obrigado,
Scott Hoffman Black
Executive Director, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Providing funding for research into the causes and remedies of honey bee and native bee declines is a critical step in pollinator conservation.
Please take a moment to call or write your Senator, let them know how important pollinators are, and ask them to 1) support this appropriation and 2) contact Senator Boxer's office to sign on to this important letter.
Senator Boxer has written a letter requesting that the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee allocate $20 million in Fiscal Year 2010 for pollinator research projects as authorized in the 2008 Farm Bill. These funds will increase the resilience and security of our farming systems by supporting vital research into Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in managed honeybees and to promote the health of honey bees and native pollinators through habitat conservation and best management practices.
FUNDO
As you may know, the 2008 Farm Bill includes language authorizing $100 million over five years to further our scientific understanding of the essential agricultural services pollinators provide our nation. The letter only seeks to fully fund critical provisions that were recently signed into law through legislative consensus.
Managed and native pollinators, such as honey bees, bumble bees, and other native bees, are needed for the production of over $18 billion (and possibly as much as $27 billion) per year in agricultural products in the US These animals are required for 35 percent of the world's crop production. Yet, total pollinator spending at USDA in the 2008 Fiscal Year accounted for merely 0.01 percent of the agency's budget. Without pollinators, our current yields of alfalfa, almonds, apples, cherries, cranberries, blueberries, kiwifruit, strawberries, melons, squash, peppers, peaches, pears, plums, carrot, onion, and other seed crops, would not be possible.
Arising in 2006, the as yet unexplained phenomenon termed Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) diminished our nation's already dwindling honey bee colonies, and highlighted our relative ignorance of the complex systems that support animal pollinated food production. It is vitally important to conduct research to better understand and solve this problem.
Studies in other developed nations have well documented a diminished presence of honey bees and other vital pollinators in interdependent agricultural and ecological systems, but much information is lacking in the US A major conclusion of a comprehensive study by the National Academy of Sciences in 2007 found that for most North American pollinator species, long-term population data are lacking and knowledge of their basic ecology is incomplete.
Funding for pollinator research will protect the health, future, safety, and sustainability of our nation's most nutritional food crops. These funds will ensure that we base our sustainable future in agriculture on a more comprehensive understanding of the science that supports it.
Thank you for your help in this effort.
Read more about the 2008 Farm Bill Benefits to Crop Pollinators >>
Read more about the Xerces Society Agricultural Pollinator Conservation Program >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation resources >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation publications >>
ABOUT THE XERCES SOCIETY
The Xerces Society is an international, nonprofit organization that protects wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat. For over three decades, the Society has been at the forefront of invertebrate conservation, harnessing the knowledge of scientists and the enthusiasm of citizens to implement conservation programs.
Ok. I'm finally done laughing at my headline. I came across the GrowBetterVeggies gardening blog while looking for bulbing fennel advice. Turns out to be a gardening resource worth pollinating! Not only does she prep her tomato transplant holes with fish heads, she's got a beekeeping class. There's a lot more: compost-heated greenhouse and essays from her gardening students , really nice stories. (I can't blog too much here about the regenerative revival in organic farming, the Greenhorns as some call them.) Also, if you want to see a well-monetized blog, this is it. (Sheesh) The photos and instruction are grade A. It's really a fantastic example of a well-purposed blog for a farm-to-restaurant business that in effect showcases their legacy. Cynthia Sandberg gets to be my mentor in the garden! Obrigado. -DNR
Our “ anarchy apiary ” in New York appeared to lose about half of the hives wintered there. Some died recently of starvation, others had more squatter field mice who scampered out of the hive suckling babies stuck to their bellies. Eviction. No mysteries behind the losses. Several hives survived as well, from bees bred from local queens.
These pics were take last week, April 20th or so.
This is an UN-identified insect that I'd like comment on from an expert. O que é isso? Dragonfly nymph? (see comments for answer!)
Read a great New York Times column by Leon Kreitzman about the circadian rhythms of honeybees and Carl Linnaeus' floral clock idea . -DNR
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I checked my hive in New York and discovered some furry squatters, to my deep dismay. Check out the galleries to see the story. The bees were installed in mid-June and may have run out of food stores throughout winter. Comment if you'd like. Now I'm swarm hunting soon … (The other top bar hives that Anarchy Apiaries has nearby are looking lively, though it's been chilly.)
With bad news, there's always good news… despite my loss, I've gained hope from the White House's Organic Garden and news of their choice of using varroa-resistant Russians in their beehive !































