Beh, aggiungere Poncho accanto Movento come un altro minaccia tedesca alla US National Security (se ti interessa Nations). Tradimento si applica ai casi di inettitudine EPA? -DNR (Grist Grazie! Ottimo lavoro, Mr. Philpott)
Una nota interna dell'EPA pubblicato Mercoledì conferma che l'agenzia stessa il compito di proteggere l'ambiente ignorando gli avvertimenti dei suoi stessi scienziati sui clothianidin, un pesticida dal quale Bayer collezionato € 183 milioni (circa 262 milioni dollari) delle vendite nel 2009.
Clothianidina è stata ampiamente utilizzata su mais, la più grande coltura degli Stati Uniti, dal 2003. Fornitori vendono semi pre-trattati con esso. Come altri membri della famiglia neonicotinoide di pesticidi, clotianidin viene "ripreso dal sistema vascolare della pianta e si esprime attraverso il polline e nettare", secondo il Pesticide Action Network of North America (PANNA), che perdeva il documento insieme a Beyond pesticidi. Tale effetto lo rende altamente tossico per i parassiti una coltura - e anche dannoso per il polline-accaparramento api, che hanno sperimentato misteriose annuali enormi morìe (noto come "Colony Collapse Disorder"), qui negli Stati Uniti almeno dal 2006.
La colonia-collapse fenomeno è complesso e ancora non completamente compreso. Mentre sembra che vi sia una sola causa per l'annuale morìe, punti di fissaggio prove ai pesticidi , e in particolare i neonicotinoidi (derivati dalla nicotina), come un fattore chiave. E neonicotinoidi sono un fattore relativamente nuovo negli ecosistemi frequentati dalle api - ha introdotto alla fine del 1990, questi insetticidi sistemici hanno acquisito una quota in costante aumento del seme-trattamento del mercato. Non sembra ingiusto osservare che la salute della popolazione di api è costantemente diminuita nello stesso periodo.
Secondo PANNA, altre colture comunemente trattati con clothianidin comprendono colza, soia, barbabietole da zucchero, girasoli e grano - tutti tra le colture più diffuse piantati degli Stati Uniti. Bayer è oggi una petizione l'EPA per la registrazione per l'utilizzo con cotone e semi di senape.
Il documento [PDF], trapelato alla apicoltore Colorado Tom Theobald, rivela che gli scienziati dell'EPA hanno dichiarato in sostanza respinto i risultati di uno studio condotto per conto della Bayer che l'agenzia aveva usato per giustificare la registrazione di clothianidin. E hanno ribadito le preoccupazioni che l'uso diffuso di clothianidin mette in pericolo la salute delle api della nazione.
Giovedi ', ho chiesto a un portavoce stampa EPA via e-mail se il parere degli scienziati avrebbe ispirato l'agenzia per rimuovere clothianidin dal mercato. Il portavoce, che ha chiesto di non essere nominato, ma che ha comunicato il record per conto dell'agenzia, ha risposto che clothianidin manterrebbe la sua registrazione ed essere disponibile per l'utilizzo in primavera.
Watchdogging Wimpy
Prima di scavare più a fondo nel memo trapelato, è importante capire la triste storia di come un insetticida nota per danneggiare popolazioni di api venne coperta di una gran parte dei terreni agricoli degli Stati Uniti in primo luogo. È quasi impossibile non leggere come un racconto di un cane da guardia chiave pubblica, invece sbandamento per l'industria ha supposto regolare.
Nei rapporti dell'EPA con Bayer su questo insetticida particolare, l'agenzia incaricata di proteggere l'ambiente ha sempre fatto l'industria-friendly decisioni che contraddicono le conclusioni dei suoi stessi scienziati - e minacciano di fare del male monumentale al nostro sistema alimentare con l'annientamento dei suoi impollinatori fondamentali .
Secondo una linea del tempo fornita dal PANNA, la sordida storia inizia quando Bayer prima domanda di registrazione di clothianidin nel 2003. (Tutti i documenti ai quali mi legano qui di seguito sono stati forniti a me da PANNA.) Entro il 2003, gli apicoltori americani hanno comunicato di difficoltà a mantenere sani gli alveari durante l'inverno, ma non ancora sulla scala del Colony Collapse Disorder. Nel febbraio di quest'anno, Destino Ambientale EPA e Divisione Effects (EFED) trattenuta registrazione di clothianidin, dichiarando che voleva più prove che non sarebbe male popolazioni di api.
In una memo [PDF], uno scienziato EFAD ha spiegato la decisione:
La possibilità di esposizione tossica di impollinatori non bersaglio [ad esempio, le api da miele] attraverso la traslocazione di residui clothianidin che derivano dal trattamento delle sementi (mais e colza) ha spinto EFED di richiedere test sul campo che può valutare la possibile esposizione cronica di larve di api e la regina. Al fine di valutare pienamente la possibilità di questo effetto tossico, un completo ape operaia studio del ciclo di vita (circa 63 giorni) deve essere condotta, così come una valutazione di esposizione alla regina.
Quindi, non clothianidin vendere fino a quando un vicino, perizia di come polline infuso con esso inciderebbe api operaie e Sua Maestà la Regina.
Ancora una volta, che era nel febbraio del 2003. Ma nel mese di aprile dello stesso anno, solo due mesi più tardi, l'agenzia marcia indietro. "Dopo un esame più approfondito", l'agenzia ha scritto in un'altra nota , l'EPA ha deciso di concedere clothianidin "registrazione con riserva" - il che significa che Bayer era libero di venderlo, e processori semi erano liberi di applicare ai loro prodotti. (Non fatemi parlare abitudine dell'EPA di concedere chimici dubbia "registrazione condizionale", prima di consentire il loro uso non regolamentato, per anni e addirittura decenni. Questa è un'altra storia).
L'EPA è una condizione riflette le preoccupazioni dei suoi scienziati su come sarebbe incidere api: che la Bayer completare la "cronica studio del ciclo di vita", l'agenzia aveva già richiesto entro il dicembre del 2004. Gli scienziati tritati senza parole nel ribadire le proprie preoccupazioni. Hanno chiamato clothianidina gli effetti del "persistente" e "tossico per le api da miele" e preso atto del "potenziale di espressione nel polline e nettare di piante in fiore."
A parte queste preoccupazioni e "registrazione con riserva" in mano, Bayer ha introdotto clotianidin al mercato USA nella primavera del 2003. Gli agricoltori in tutta la cintura del mais piantato semi trattati con clothianidina e miliardi - se non miliardi - di piante ha iniziato a produrre il polline ricco con l'ape-uccisione roba.
In March of 2004, Bayer requested an extension on its December deadline for delivering the life-cycle study. Un'ape fa quello che sa fare meglio - per fortuna, non in un campo di grano Foto:. Purplekey Nel marzo del 2004, Bayer ha chiesto una proroga per la scadenza dicembre per consegnare il ciclo di vita dello studio. In un 11 marzo memo [PDF], la EPA concordato, dando il gigante chimico fino al maggio 2005 per completare la ricerca. Clothianidina continuava a fluire dalle fabbriche della Bayer e da piante di mais nel polline.
Ma l'EPA anche trasmessa una decisione cruciale in questa nota: Bayer ha concesso il permesso che aveva cercato di condurre il suo studio sulla colza in Canada, invece che sul mais negli Stati Uniti. L'EPA ha giustificato la decisione come segue:
[Canola] è interessante per un'ape [sic] e fornirà l'esposizione delle api sia da polline e nettare. Colture alternative, come il mais, che è meno attraente per le api come foraggio, avrebbe fornito l'esposizione dal polline, solo.
Esperti Bee citare tre problemi con questa decisione:
- Corn produce polline molto più di quanto non colza;
- il polline è più attraente per le api miele e
- colza è una coltura minore, negli Stati Uniti, mentre il mais è la coltura singolo più coltivata.
Quello che accadde dopo non fu ... molto. Bayer lasciare che il termine ultimo per il completamento della decadenza di studio, e l'EPA let Bayer continuare a vendere clothianidin, che ha continuato ad essere depositati in decine di milioni di ettari di terreni agricoli.
Non fino all'agosto del 2007, più di un anno dopo la sua scadenza, ha Bayer esprime il proprio studio. Nel novembre 2007 memo [PDF], gli scienziati EPA ha dichiarato lo studio "scientifico," aggiungendo che "soddisfa i requisiti delle linee guida per una prova sul campo di tossicità con le api."
Beeing e il nulla
Quindi, quali sono stati i dettagli di questo studio, sul quale la salute dei nostri piccoli amici impollinatrici dipendeva?
Ebbene, l'EPA inizialmente rifiutato di rilasciare pubblicamente, inducendo un Freedom of Information Act dal Natural Resources Defense Council. Quando l'EPA ancora rifiutato di rilasciarlo, NRDC presentato una denuncia in risposta. Infine, lo studio è stato rilasciato. Qui è [PDF].
Predisposto per Bayer dai ricercatori dell'Università canadese di Guelph, lo studio è un po 'uno scherzo. I ricercatori hanno creato diversi 2,47 acri di campi coltivati a clothianidin trattati con semi e corrispondenti campi di controllo non trattati, orticaria e posto al centro di ciascuno. Api è stato permesso di vagare liberamente. Il problema è che il foraggio le api in un intervallo di 1,24 e 6,2 miglia - il che significa che le api di prova molto probabilmente cenato al di fuori dei campi di prova. Peggio ancora, i campi prova e di controllo sono stati piantati più vicino 968 metri di distanza, vale a dire le api di prova e di controllo hanno avuto accesso ai rispettivi campi.
Non sorprendentemente, i ricercatori hanno trovato "alcuna differenza nella mortalità delle api, la longevità lavoratore, o lo sviluppo di covata si è verificato tra gruppi di controllo e di trattamento nel corso dello studio."
Tom Theobald, l'apicoltore Colorado che ha ottenuto il memo trapelato, ha valutato lo studio duramente al telefono con me Giovedi. "Immagina di essere un allevatore cercando di capire se una pianta infestante nociva sta danneggiando le vostre vacche", ha detto. "Se si pianta l'erba su due ettari e lasciare che le tue mucche vagano liberi oltre 50 ettari di lussureggiante erba Montana, non hai intenzione di imparare molto su quell'erba".
James Frazier, professore di entomologia presso la Penn State, d'accordo. Frazier ha studiato le colonie Collapse Disorder dal 2006. "Quando ho guardato lo studio," mi ha detto in un'intervista telefonica, "ho subito pensato che fosse valido."
Nel frattempo, Bayer continuato a vendere clothianidin sotto la sua iscrizione condizionale. Poi, il 22 aprile di quest'anno, l'EPA finalmente terminata clothianidin lungo periodo di "condizionale" purgatorio - mediante l'assegnazione di registrazione completa.
L'agenzia dotata l'ape-uccisione dei pesticidi con il suo nuovo status con calma, a mia conoscenza, il solo riconoscimento pubblico è arrivato grazie agli sforzi di Theobald, che è estremamente preoccupata per la sorte della propria apicoltura attività nel paese di mais del Colorado. Theobald mi ha trasmesso una 29 novembre scambio di email con le leggi Meredith, il capo ad interim della divisione erbicida dell'EPA presso l'Ufficio Programmi di antiparassitari, al quale aveva scritto per sapere lo stato di registrazione di clothianidin. Risposta leggi 'Vale la pena citare nella sua interezza:
Clothianidina è stata concessa una registrazione incondizionata per l'uso come trattamento delle sementi per il mais e la canola il 22 aprile 2010. EPA ha emesso un avviso di nuova registrazione, [ma] non esiste alcun documento che riconosce il passaggio dal condizionale incondizionato. Questa è stata una decisione di gestione del rischio fondata sulla rispondenza dei dati richiesti e recensioni accettare o riconoscere il conferimento dei dati.
Così, l'EPA ha Bayer e la sua dubbia pesticida un passaggio completo, senza nemmeno prendersi la briga di lasciare il know pubblico.
Basta ape molto attenti, per favore
Ora arriviamo al trapelato memo [PDF]. È datata 2 novembre - tre settimane prima della risposta leggi 'a Theobald. Essa si riferisce agli sforzi di Bayer per espandere l'uso di clothianidin approvato in cotone e senape. Scritto da due scienziati in Destino Ambientale EPA e Divisione Effects - Decantare ecologista Joseph e chimico Michael Barrett - la nota esprime profonda preoccupazione per effetto clothianidin sulle api:
Rischio maggiore preoccupazione clothianidina è agli insetti non bersaglio, ovvero le api).
Clothianidina è un insetticida neonicotinoide che sia persistente e sistemico. Studi di tossicità acuta per le api mellifere dimostrano che la clothianidina è altamente tossica sia su un contatto e una base orale. Anche se EFED non conduce ... valutazioni del rischio su insetti non-target, le informazioni da test standard e studi di settore, nonché di denunce di incidenti che coinvolgono altri insetticidi neonicotinoidi (ad esempio, imidacloprid) suggeriscono il potenziale di rischio a lungo termine tossico per le api mellifere e gli altri benefici insetti.
Il calciatore reale è che i ricercatori hanno sostanzialmente invalidato il Bayer studio finanziato - cioè lo studio della registrazione per l'EPA a base di clothianidin come sostanza chimica completamente registrato. Riferendosi al pesticida, gli autori scrivono:
Uno studio sul campo precedente [cioè, lo studio Bayer] hanno valutato gli effetti sui parametri clothianidin intero hive ed è stato classificato come accettabile. Tuttavia, dopo un'altra recensione di questo studio sul campo alla luce di ulteriori informazioni, carenze sono state individuate che rendono il supplementare studio. Essa non soddisfa le linee guida 850.3040, e un altro studio sul campo è necessaria per valutare gli effetti di clothianidin sulle api, attraverso il polline e il nettare contaminato. esposizione contaminati attraverso il polline e il nettare e potenziali effetti tossici quindi rimanere una incertezza per gli insetti impollinatori. [sottolineatura mia.]
Allora, qui abbiamo i ricercatori EPA esplicitamente invalidanti dello studio su cui clothianidin ottenuto la registrazione per il mais. Ma come ho scritto sopra, nonostante pubblica fatti queste informazioni, la EPA ha segnalato che non ha alcuna intenzione di modificare lo stato del prodotto chimico.
Nella stagione 2011 in crescita, decine di milioni di ettari di terreno agricolo sbocceranno con la clothianidina-merlettato polline - api, e la scienza del suono, sarà dannato.
Ora, nella mia corrispondenza con l'EPA, l'agenzia ha negato che il declassamento dello studio Bayer da "accettabile" a "supplementare" significava che l'agenzia dovrebbe essere costretto ad approvazione di clothianidin. In una e-mail Giovedi a me, l'Agenzia ha consegnato una difesa molle dello studio Bayer, contraddicendo i suoi stessi scienziati e affrontare nessuna delle critiche di esso:
Valutazione dell'EPA dello studio ha determinato che contiene informazioni utili per la valutazione dei rischi dell'agenzia. Lo studio ha rivelato la maggior parte degli alveari controllati, compresi quelli esposti al clothianidin durante la stagione precedente, sopravvissuto al periodo di svernamento.
E ha minimizzato importanza dello studio per la domanda della Bayer per la registrazione clothianidin: Lo studio in questione "non è uno studio di 'core' per EPA come sostenuto", l'agenzia ha insistito. "Non è uno studio di routine necessari per supportare la registrazione di un pesticida".
Corsi che la risposta di Jay Feldman di pesticidi di là, il gruppo che ha collaborato con PANNA nel pubblicizzare il documento trapelato. "Trovo la risposta EPA sia disinformato o fuorvianti", mi disse. "Il sentiero documento su questo è chiaro. Stiamo parlando di uno studio richiesto dalla cattiva EPA [che è centrale] per la registrazione di questa sostanza chimica. "
Valutazione Feldman sembra portare fuori. Lui mi ha segnalato di nuovo a quanto sopra-linked 27 nov documento in cui EPA inizialmente accettato lo studio Bayer. Lì, a pagina 5, troviamo questa affermazione:
In particolare, il test è stato condotto in risposta a una richiesta dei canadesi PMRA [Pesticidi e Agenzia Pest Management] e l'EPA, come condizione per Poncho @ [clothianidin] registrazione in questi paesi, Bayer CropScience è stato chiesto di indagare a lungo tossicità a lungo termine di clothianidin trattato di canola alle api bottinatrici.
Quindi, evidentemente, lo studio screditato Bayer si trovano al centro di accoglienza di clothianidin. (Ho chiesto un colloquio con un funzionario EPA che può parlare con cognizione, e sulla registrazione di queste cose, il portavoce anonimo-by-request è, al momento della pubblicazione, ancora cercando la "persona giusta", mi è stato comunicato via e-mail.)
Una valutazione pungente
Per lo meno, abbiamo ampiamente dimostrato che l'EPA ha ignorato gli avvertimenti dei suoi scienziati personale e verde che illuminano la distribuzione di massa di una sostanza chimica largamente inteso male impollinatori - in un momento in cui le api sono in forma grave.
Ma perché? Tom Theobald, l'apicoltore Colorado che ha rotto questa storia, azzardò una risposta. "E 'corporativismo, il rovescio della medaglia del fascismo", ha detto. "Io non sono contro le multinazionali, penso che abbiano un buon modello. Ma sono come i bambini - dobbiamo frenare in oppure sfuggire di mano. L'EPA ha supposto per farlo. "
Quando il cambio di regime è venuto a Washington nel 2008, molti di noi speravano che un APE sotto Barack Obama sarebbe un genitore migliore. Direttore EPA Lisa Jackson ha ereditato un bel pasticcio dal suo predecessore, e si affronta la sfida erculea di regolamentare i gas a effetto serra contro il feroce opposizione repubblicana e l'industria.
Ma come cavalcature che suscitano preoccupazione e dal suo personale e altrove - che clothianidin sta danneggiando le api, non ci sono scuse per l'agenzia di Jackson a tenere coccole Bayer. Frazier, l'entomologo della Penn State, messo a me come questo: ". Se lo studio di Bayer è lo studio core EPA utilizzato per registrare clothianidin, allora non c'è alcuna base per la registrazione di esso" ha esortato l'EPA a ritirare la registrazione al fine di evitare rischi inutili ad un giocatore fondamentale nel nostro ecosistema - come hanno i governi di Germania, Francia, Italia e Slovenia.
La nuova tecnologia trova agenti patogeni in grado di conciliare richieste contraddittorie sulla Colony Collapse Disorder
da JAMES FISCHER
James Fischer ( james.fischer @ gmail.com ) per
"The American Bee Journal" ( http://www.american beejournal.com )
(Embargo dalla rivista PLoS ONE fino 2010/10/06 05:00 EDT)
Un multi-istituzionale team di ricercatori passato al setaccio la crescente zoo di nuovi agenti patogeni esotiche invasive, di api, e coerentemente trovato gli stessi due organismi patogeni negli alveari affetti da Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in campioni raccolti da 2006 al 2009.
Hanno scoperto un nuovo virus mai visto prima in Nord America, e ha trovato un ben noto variante invasiva del Nosema intestinale malattia delle api. Il virus trascurato può spiegare perché studi precedenti ha presentato i risultati contraddittori. Questa nuova prova potrebbe creare una base di consenso tra i gruppi di ricerca che fino ad oggi, mancava un terreno comune nelle loro conclusioni.
Il loro articolo apparso pochi minuti fa sulla rivista PLoS ONE ( http://dx.plos.org / 10.1371/journal.pone.0013181 )
Il documento riporta su un pluriennale studio di Colony Collapse Disorder. I ricercatori hanno usato una nuova tecnologia e le tecniche per rilevare e identificare in maniera univoca ogni agente patogeno in collasso alveari, piuttosto che il sottoinsieme più piccolo di eventuali agenti patogeni rilevabili con altri mezzi.
Un Virus invertebrati Iridescent ("IIV"), appena scoperto in Nord America, in combinazione con Nosema ceranae, che è arrivato da oltreoceano meno recente, è stato trovato in "Quasi tutte le colonie di api CCD" campionato da disperse alveari USA da 2006 fino al 2009.
IIV non è stato trovato in api da pacchetti importati dall'Australia, né in api da un isolato non-funzionamento delle api migratori commerciale nel Montana, ha confermato entrambi i siti gratuitamente CCD-come i sintomi.
Inoltre, i ricercatori ", ha osservato la progressione del CCD in una colonia collasso ... il prelievo di campioni di api ... nel corso di un periodo di tre mesi, che termina quando solo una regina e quattro lavoratori sono rimasti".
Inoltre ancora, alcune api sono state inoculate con Nosema ceranae, mentre le altre api sono state inoculate con il "IIV-6" ceppo del virus IIV. La mortalità è stato poi confrontato api inoculate con entrambi i patogeni, e un gruppo di controllo trattato con placebo. I risultati "suggeriscono che la combinazione di N. ceranae IIV ed è associata ad aumento della mortalità delle api."
Ma ancora di più, lo sforzo scoperto due nuovi virus delle api esotiche invasive mai rilevati in Nord America, ma ha stabilito che non erano coinvolti in CCD. I virus rilevati sono "Varroa Destructor-1 Virus" e "Virus Kakugo", sia originario dell'Asia.
Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk di U Montana ha delineato i prossimi passi, "Abbiamo una proposta in attesa di isolare, caratterizzare e quindi inoculare le api con il virus specifico iridescente che si verifica in USA le api. Questo è un passo critico, dal momento che il virus non sembra essere uno dei virus conosciuti cangianti del mondo. Una volta che abbiamo il virus vero e proprio, siamo in grado di completare le prove di inoculazione che sono necessari per verificare se abbiamo veramente trovato la causa del CCD. "
Proteomica - Un breve riassunto
La tecnologia utilizzata in questo studio sembra l'ideale per affrontare la sempre crescente lista di agenti patogeni trasportati attraverso gli oceani dalla globalizzazione degli scambi. E 'in grado di rilevare gli agenti patogeni della malattia che hanno bisogno di non essere identico a qualsiasi agente patogeno conosciuto. Questo descrive le esigenze degli apicoltori in modo chiaro, dato il numero di specie invasive che è venuto ad affliggere le api negli Stati Uniti sin dal 1980.
"Spettrometria di Massa-Based Proteomics" (MSP) inizia con circa 60 api gettato in un frullatore, e mescolate fino ad omogeneità, poi filtrata. Le cellule sono chimicamente scoppiata, e le proteine sono isolati dal mix e "digerito", suddividendoli in peptidi. I peptidi risultanti vengono eseguiti attraverso un dispositivo chiamato "cromatografo liquido" separarli di densità, che consente la loro struttura e sequenza essere determinato con una serie di dispositivi ", spettrometri di massa tandem".
Ogni sequenza peptidica è quindi confrontato con il National Center for Biotechnology NIH (NCBI) database di sequenze peptidiche. Il database utilizzato è una raccolta dei peptidi uniche microrganismi specifici. Ciò significa che ogni partita di una sequenza peptidica è una corrispondenza univoca ad un singolo organismo. Qualsiasi peptide utilizzato in più di un microrganismo non sarebbe nel database.
Dr. Charles Wick della US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center ha spiegato il livello di certezza con cui è stato rilevato il virus in colonie che presentano sintomi CCD: "IIV ha 18.900 peptidi uniche ... Quando si rileva un paio di questi, ad esempio 50-100, abbiamo avere prove sufficienti per una identificazione univoca. "
Ma come hanno fatto a fare quello che Wick Dr. chiamato "identificazione univoca" di un virus che è stato detto dal dottor Bromenshenk di non essere "uno dei virus conosciuti cangianti del mondo"? Come si può trovare ciò che non è mai stato addirittura rilevato o identificato prima ? La risposta è che l'organismo sconosciuto corrisponderà il più vicino organismo nel database, che si restringe le cose fino ad almeno la "famiglia" o il livello di "genere", se non "specie". Così, anche senza aver sequenziato il ceppo specifico del IIV di interesse, peptidi abbastanza abbinato il ceppo IIV nel database per confermare che ciò che è stato trovato era un ceppo di IIV.
Come esempio del cast vasta rete con questa tecnica, Nosema non era ben rappresentato nel database NCBI, quindi c'era una certa ambiguità nell'identificazione del Nosema proteomica via da solo, corrispondenti solo il Nosema genere. La specie e ceppo è stato confermato come Nosema ceranae mediante Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Le affermazioni di cui la Spagna è riconducibile principalmente
Di ricerca guidato da Mariano Higes della patologia Bee Laboratorio, Centro Apícola regionale Marchamalo, la Spagna ha più volte sottolineato Nosema ceranae come l'unica causa prossima del collasso della colonia rapida. Questo sembrava improbabile che i ricercatori negli Stati Uniti e altrove, come Nosema non è apparso essere il più virulenta di fuori della Spagna. Ma questo nuovo lavoro fornisce una spiegazione che potrebbero sostenere il lavoro Higes con nient'altro che l'aggiunta del nuovo rilevamento delle IIV.
Come nei precedenti studi americani, nessuno in Spagna avrebbe avuto motivo di sospettare che un virus a DNA come IIV sarebbero coinvolti, come la maggior parte dei virus delle api sono virus a RNA. Così ho ancora cercare IIV in Spagna, e non hanno avuto la rete più ampia di MSP per trovare ciò che non era ricercato. La buona notizia è che il dottor Higes ha campioni storici congelati. Dr. Jerry rapporti Bromenshenk Higes che la squadra è disposta a impegnarsi in uno sforzo congiunto per esaminare i campioni di Spagna con MSP.
Questo spiega CCD In The USA?
I campioni analizzati in questo studio ha mostrato una vasta gamma di agenti patogeni, tra cui Nosema, invertebrati Virus Iridescent ("IIV"), Virus Regina Nera Cell, Acute Paralysis Virus Bee, israeliana Acute Paralysis Virus, Virus Deformed Wing, Virus Brood Sac, Kashmir Bee Virus, Varroa Destructor-1 Virus, Virus e Kakugo. Nessuno degli agenti patogeni sospetti nominati da altri sforzi di ricerca sono stati mancati, due nuovi agenti patogeni e romanzo sono stati trovati, e l'uso di MSP implica che agenti patogeni sono stati trascurati. Anche un nuovo agente patogeno, sconosciuto e senza nome avrebbe portato in un match peptide parziale a qualche altro essere vivente.
Così, mentre i conti o combinazione di agenti patogeni potrebbero essere stati falsati da un numero insufficiente di campioni o campioni raccolta da un insufficiente numero di operazioni, è difficile immaginare che ci sono agenti patogeni aggiuntivi ancora da trovare che potrebbero essere implicati in CCD .
A proposito di insicurezza biosicurezza
Since the 1980s, “Globalization” has increasingly consisted of shipments of goods from Asian ports to Western shores. This research connects the dots by consistently finding specific bee pathogens native to Asia, unknown to USA beekeepers in the early 1980s, but that have since become far too familiar:
“We know that in the Asian honey bee, Apis ceranae, a combination of parasites and pathogens co-exist, including: (1) Nosema ceranae, (2) an iridescent virus, (3) parasitic and predacious mites, and (4) two other RNA-type viruses, Kashmir bee virus and a Sacbrood virus. We have had both Kashmir bee virus and Nosema ceranae in North America going back a decade or more. We need to see how similar the CCD strain of iridescent virus is to the IIV-24 strain from Apis ceranae. It is possible that US bees acquired IIV from the Apis ceranae along with Nosema ceranae and Kashmir bee virus.”
While unsubstantiated “fringe” explanations for CCD abound, ranging from cell phones to pesticides to GMO crops, the common factor is that pathogens previously found only in Asia have spread to countries lacking effective biosecurity, such as the USA, but not to countries with more robust approaches to biosecurity, such as New Zealand. The research team suggests “Standard quarantine practices such as testing of imported bees before they are added to colonies, and disinfection of equipment would likely help.”
Practical Implications For Beekeepers
The team has two suggestions of interest to beekeepers:
- “Most IIVs replicate at about 21 C (70 F) and do not replicate above 30-32 C (86 – 89 F). Higher temperatures may suppress the virus by halting replication, whereas cool weather and damp conditions may speed up replication of both IIV and Nosema. Many instances of CCD have occurred following extended periods of cool, damp weather. Several beekeepers have reported to us that they have more problems with bees in areas with frequent fog or in hill areas where the weather is cooler. Placing bees in warm, sunny locations appears to help.”
- “Varroa may act as a vector for the dispersal of IIV among bee colonies. Varroa is known to increase damage caused by other viruses, and beekeepers who fail to control varroa levels are likely to sustain high colony losses.”
Questo potrebbe non sembrare molto, ma è un grande miglioramento rispetto alle solite vaghe banalità siamo stati consegnati e più su "colonie mantenendo forte" e "ridurre al minimo lo stress". Esso inoltre alza la posta nella secolare dibattito tra gli apicoltori più alveari mettendo in sole rispetto alveari mettendo in ombra.
"Iridovirus e microsporidi collegato al declino Honey Bee Colony"
Jerry J. Bromenshenk, Colin B. Henderson, Charles H. Wick, Michael F. Stanford, Alan W. Zulich, Rabih E. Jabbour, Samir V. Deshpande, Patrick E. McCubbin, Robert A. Seccomb, Phillip M. Welch, Trevor Williams, David R. Firth, Evan Skowroński, Margaret M. Lehmann, Shan L. Bilimoria, Joanna Gress, Kevin W. Wanner, Robert A. Jr. Cramer
(2010) PLoS ONE 5 (10): e13181. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013181
Jim Fischer mantiene le api a Manhattan, Brooklyn e il Bronx, e spera di raccogliere regine nel Queens. Insegna libero di 16 settimane full-class apicoltura semestre urbana in Central Park di New York per la 846-membro del gruppo non-profit NYC Apicoltura ( http://meetup.com/nyc-beekeeping ) e aiuta a gestire la Gotham City Honey Co -Op ( http://GothamCityBees.com ).
Più prove. Sono felice di elevare questi articoli a più alto di lettori. -DNR
http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/43568
27 Agosto 2010
Insetticida implicato in diminuzione di api
Le api, bombi e molti altri insetti vengono lentamente avvelenato a morte da insetticidi persistenti utilizzati per proteggere le colture agricole. Piccole dosi di sostanze chimiche tossiche si accumulano nel tempo, nel senso che non esiste un livello sicuro di esposizione. Questa è la conclusione di una recente ricerca guardando le effetti a lungo termine di una classe comunemente usato di insetticidi.
Mentre ronzio di fiore in fiore, le api, falene e sirfidi svolgere un lavoro vitale. Circa un terzo delle colture agricole sono impollinate da questi insetti indaffarati, un servizio che vale € 440 anni ma per l'economia solo Regno Unito.
Ma negli ultimi anni questi preziosi insetti impollinatori hanno lottato, con una popolazione crollo in tutto il mondo. Le api, in particolare, sono stati colpiti, con Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) - un fenomeno in cui le api abbandonano l'alveare - diventando sempre più comune in Europa e Nord America.
Polemiche ha roteato aggirare il problema, e tutto ciò che dai telefoni cellulari alle colture GM sono stati accusati. Ora nuovi studi indicano che gli insetticidi stanno giocando un ruolo significativo.
Gli studi più recenti hanno messo in luce una varietà di insetti a dosi variabili di insetticidi neonicotinoidi per lunghi periodi di tempo a 12 mesi o più. Insetticidi neonicotinoidi sono ampiamente utilizzati in tutto il mondo, lavorano agendo sul sistema nervoso centrale degli insetti. I prodotti chimici hanno poca affinità per i vertebrati il sistema nervoso, quindi sono molto meno tossici per i mammiferi e gli uccelli.
I ricercatori hanno scoperto che la dose totale di insetticida necessaria per uccidere l'insetto era più piccolo, se somministrata in un periodo di tempo più lungo ( Ecotossicologia (2009) 18:343-354 ). Nel caso di api, insetticida fino a 6000 volte inferiore è stato richiesto di ucciderli se è stato somministrato in dosi più piccole per un periodo di tempo lungo.
Secondo Henk Tennekes, ricercatore presso Servizi di tossicologia sperimentale (ETS) nei Paesi Bassi, questi risultati hanno perfettamente senso. "Inizia prendendo in considerazione un elevato livello di esposizione", ha detto. "Ciò potrebbe causare un effetto precoce, come il cancro o la mortalità. Ad un livello molto più basso di esposizione si può ottenere un effetto di ritardo. Tuttavia, come si scopre, in quest'ultimo caso è necessario molto meno delle cose (in totale) per produrre l'effetto ". Tennekes descrive i risultati in un articolo di prossima pubblicazione in Toxicology .
So how do these insecticides achieve such a powerful long-term effect? The answer lies in the way that they work. Neonicotinoids bind irreversibly to receptors in the central nervous system of insects. “An insect has a limited amount of such receptors,” explained Jeroen van der Sluijs, a scientist at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, who has also worked on the problem. “The damage is cumulative: with every exposure more receptors are blocked until the damage is so big that the insect cannot function anymore and dies.”
Even small doses over a short time period can cause serious problems. At low doses insects have been observed to become disorientated and less co-ordinated in their movements, making them easier prey for predators. Sub-lethal effects such as this weaken the insect; they particularly jeopardize social insects, which depend on the entire colony being healthy for survival.
Right now it still isn't possible to say if neonicotinoids are the sole cause of CCD in honeybees, but it seems likely that they play a significant role. “It explains the rapid increase in CCD since 2004, which coincides with the rapid growth in worldwide use of neonicotinoids – the most widely used class of insecticides,” said van der Sluijs.
Currently the insecticides are commonly used to coat seeds, regardless of whether there are many insect pests or not. They leach easily into soil and water and are taken up readily by plants, making the entire plant toxic to insects. And as the new research shows, even at very low levels they have the potential to cause huge damage to insect populations. “I think these insecticides need to be replaced by less long-lived alternatives that are less toxic to honeybees and less prone to leaching,” said Tennekes.
About the author
March 30, 2010 -The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service , in conjunction with the Apiary Inspectors of America , is conducting a voluntary survey to determine the bee colony losses for the 2009/2010 winter. This survey is not just for beekeepers with huge numbers of hives, even small-scale beekeepers are encouraged to participate. The survey takes approximately two minutes, and is completely anonymous.
Data collection efforts such as this may be crucial to understanding bee-related diseases that affect colonies, including colony collapse disorder. The scope of this problem may be poorly understood. According to Peter Borst, a former New York State apiary inspector, no one really knows how many beehives are out there. USDA estimates of 2.6 million bee colonies in the US are derived from national surveys and farm surveys that don't count the thousands of small apiaries (fewer than five hives)
managed by hobby beekeepers. Based on Borst's local knowledge, as many as 90% of the local beekeepers may have elected to not register with the state — which is where the national surveys start for the data.
The more beekeepers who participate, the more data the USDA has to work with, which may help researchers get closer to understanding a perplexing problem in our agricultural world. Dr. Jeff Pettis, Research Leader at the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, notes that last year they surveyed beekeepers who managed about half a million colonies. Pettis hopes this year's response to be even greater. 1
If you know a beekeeper with one hive or one hundred, share this information with them. Good research requires good data.
Dear Beekeeper:The Apiary Inspectors of America and the USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory are seeking your help in tabulating the winter losses that occurred over the winter of 2009-2010. This continues the AIA/USDA survey efforts from the past 3 years which has been important in quantifying the losses of honey bees for government, media, and researchers.
This year's survey is faster, easier and does not require your time on the phone. It is all web based and automatic, just fill and click.
Please take a few moments to fill out our winter loss survey at: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/beeloss0910
This survey will be conducted until April 16th, 2010.
We would also appreciate it if you would forward this email to other beekeepers. The more responses the better. If you have any questions or concerns please email beeloss@gmail.com , or Honeybee.Survey@aphis.usda.gov .
Thanks in advance for your assistance.
Jeff Pettis; USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory
Dennis vanEngelsdorp; Penn State University
Jerry Hayes; Florida Department of Agriculture
Dewey Caron; University of Delaware and Oregon State University
What would Rachel Carson say to this story? The business publications are an echo-chamber of headlines reading “procedural issues” were what made spirotetramat illegal to sell, while other blogs and newspapers focus of the press release's spin (harm to bees). The monopoly market publications would like to tell their readers/advertisers that it wasn't banned because of proven harm to the pollinators and ecosystems (the same ecosystems that support the damned economy in the first place), no no… it was banned because the EPA and BayerCrop Science broke the laws , aka “procedures,” and got busted! Why don't they say “legal issues lead to ban of pesticide” or “secret law breaking discovered, leads to pesticide ban” or “NRDC and Xerces were watching while we tried to sell poison without EPA/public approval and they blew the whistle on behalf of science and public laws designed to protect the People from the Corporation”? (see evidence of eco-chamber ) This story reveals the fraud and deceit that is Bayer CropScience and revolving door EPA cronies. It's so easy to sell their poison and bio-warfare in China and Brazil, because those countries don't have public oversight like the USA has with the EPA - Environmental Protection Agency. It's time to review and renew our appreciation and understanding of our EPA . This story is really about the Xerces Society and National Resource Defense Council forcing the EPA to follow its own rules and public protection “procedures.” Had it not been for them, the EPA and Bayer CropScience would have simply violated the law in secrecy and ineptitude, exactly what Bare CrapScience wants to see happen, IMHO. Important to note that well-known commercial beekeepers Dave Hackenberg (and Dave Mendes?) worked with Bayer CropScience to field test the effects of spirotetramat on honeybees in Florida. Click image for PDF of report.
Here's a nice footnote from the Judge Cote's ruling:
It is undisputed that the plaintiffs have standing to bring this case. See Connecticut v. Am. Elec. Power Co., 582 F.3d 309, 339 (2d Cir. 2009) (“An association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when: (a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation ofthe lawsuit.” (citation omitted)).
Judge Pulls Pesticide After Finding Impacts on Bees Inadequately Evaluated by EPA ( Beyond Pesticides , January 4, 2010) – A pesticide that could be dangerously toxic to America's honey bees must be pulled from store shelves as a result of a suit filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Xerces Society. In an order issued in December, a federal court in New York invalidated EPA's approval of the pesticide spirotetramat (manufactured by Bayer CropScience under the trade names Movento and Ultor) and ordered the agency to reevaluate the chemical in compliance with the law. The court's order goes into effect on January 15, 2010, and makes future sales of Movento illegal in the United States. “This sends EPA and Bayer back to the drawing board to reconsider the potential harm to bees caused by this new pesticide,” said NRDC Senior Attorney Aaron Colangelo. “EPA admitted to approving the pesticide illegally, but argued that its violations of the law should have no consequences. The Court disagreed and ordered the pesticide to be taken off the market until it has been properly evaluated. Bayer should not be permitted to run what amounts to an uncontrolled experiment on bees across the country without full consideration of the consequences.” In June 2008, EPA approved Movento for nationwide use on hundreds of different crops, including apples, pears, peaches, oranges, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, almonds, and spinach. The approval process went forward without the advance notice and opportunity for public comment that is required by federal law and EPA's own regulations. In addition, EPA failed to evaluate fully the potential damage to the nation's already beleaguered bee populations or conduct the required analysis of the pesticide's economic, environmental, and social costs. Beekeepers and scientists have expressed concern over Movento's potential impact on beneficial insects such as honey bees. The pesticide impairs the insect's ability to reproduce. EPA's review of Bayer's scientific studies found that trace residues of Movento brought back to the hive by adult bees could cause “significant mortality” and “massive perturbation” to young honeybees (larvae). According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), bees pollinate $15 billion worth of crops grown in America. USDA also claims that one out of every three mouthfuls of food in the typical American diet has a connection to bee pollination. Yet bee colonies in the United States have seen significant declines in recent years due to a combination of stressors, almost certainly including insecticide exposure. “This case underscores the need for us to re-examine how we evaluate the impact of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment,” said Mr. Colangelo. “In approving Movento, EPA identified but ignored potentially serious harms to bees and other pollinators. We are in the midst of a pollinator crisis, with more than a third of our colonies disappearing in recent years. Given how important these creatures are to our food supply, we simply cannot look past these sorts of problems.” View the court decision here . Read Beyond Pesticides' read factsheet: Pollinators and Pesticides: Escalating crisis demands action and Backyard Beekeeping: Providing pollinator habitat one yard at a time . See more information on threats to honey bees at NRDC .
Report on Bee Mortality and Bee Surveillance in Europe
from http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/online/default.asp?Date=12/18/2009
AFSSA, the French Food Safety Agency completed a 218-page report on honey bee mortality and the ways that colony losses are monitored in Europe, December 8, 2009. The European Food Safety Authority commissioned the study and published the report. Initially, AFSSA set up a consortium of seven European bee disease research institutes in France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
The project covers 1) a description and critical analysis of surveillance programs that measured colony loss; 2) the collection and analysis of the epidemiological data sets on colony losses; and 3) a critical review and selection of relevant literature on the possible causes and risk factors of colony losses.
The researchers found that bee colony losses in Europe and the USA are multifactorial which include beekeeping and husbandy practices, environmental factors, biological agents as well as excessive use of pesticides. The interaction of these factors create stress, weaken bees' defense system allowing pests and pathogens to kill the colony.
3.2.3.3 Chemical agents
The debate on chemical agents is mainly concentrated on the agrochemicals used for crop treatments. Neonicotinoids are the focus of the greatest interest in the literature (imidacloprid, clothianidin and fipronil); other publications just mention “pesticides” in general, but certainly with an implicit consideration of neonicotinoids (Figure 75). Scientists are clearly divided on the role of these pesticides, as illustrated in Table 14. Although no involvement of pesticides has been proven for colony losses or CCD, a significant amount of pesticide residues are frequently found in the studies analysing bees, pollen and wax, usually at sublethal levels. A question arises, therefore, about the possibility for a conjunction of chemical residues present in the hive at sublethal concentrations, which may produce a lethal effect or clinical signs affecting the ability of colony to survive. Several authors mention these pesticides as factors contributing to stress or weakening of colonies which, once again, may “open the door” to other causative factors.
3.2.3.2 Biological agents
A significant number of biological agents are reported to be involved in colony losses. Viruses are the biological agents most frequently mentioned (Figure 73). As more than 15 different viruses are known to infect bees, often without any clinical symptoms and since, co-infection with several viruses is not uncommon, they are the subject of much research. Due to their frequent presence, they are found in many colony losses cases where it is very difficult to determine whether they are at the origin of the losses, or just co-factors. Of the eight viruses mentioned in the literature, IABPV is the most frequently mentioned, and some scientists consider it as a “marker” of CCD in the United States (Figure 74). Varroa, Nosema spp and Acarapis woodi infections are the three other most commonly mentioned biological factors. Some scientists consider them to be causative factors in a certain amount of colony losses (for Nosema mainly in Spain). Others consider that they are co- factors, contributing to the stress of the colony or contributing to the “expression” of colony mortality as causative factor of death for a colony already weakened by other stress factors. This is why the factors “multiple infection” and “unidentified disease” appear in the assumptions made by the authors. All these hypotheses open the floor to a debate on possible treatments to prevent or cure these infections. This links together these biological agents with chemical factors and beekeeping practices because beekeeping practices and chemical treatments are used to control infections. The debate on the involvement of the various biological agents is clearly expressed in the author's opinions summarised in Table 13 with a high rate of “possible involvement” and balanced reports between “unlikely” and “very likely”.
3.2.4 Conclusion and perspectives
The work package on literature review allowed the development of a specific methodology for literature search and analysis. The “priority 1″ references selected and reviewed validate the objectivity of the literature search which is expressed through the variability and the balanced topics included. The results of this work regarding risk and causative factors involved in colony losses have to be taken as a “snap shot” of the scientific community's opinion as they are today; these are also “time sensitive”, and evolving due to the amount of ongoing research which will likely lead to new findings and a better understanding of the factors involved in the coming months or years.
To summarise this picture, common consensus amongst the scientific community about the multi-factorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States (in the two aspects of this term: combination of factors at one place and different factors involved according to place and period considered) suggests the following factors are important, namely: beekeeping practices (feeding, migratory beekeeping, colony husbandry, treatments applied and so forth), environmental factors (climate, available forage, biodiversity, etc.), chemical factors (pesticides) or biological agents (Varroa, Nosema spp, etc.) which together create stress, weaken bees' immune systems that then allow pests and pathogens to kill the colony (eg one or several parasites, viruses, etc.).
Figure78. Factors involved in colony losses
Questions remain about the sequence of events that lead to colony mortality, and future studies should be designed and conducted to address this:
- There are many inconsistencies in the ways in which “colony losses” are defined. Up to 17 different definitions for CCD in the literature. This means that involved persons may not always be referring to the same phenomenon, and this creates confusion when trying to explain the origin of what has been identified in the field. The described pathology is varied, with authors/using the same descriptions for different sets of circumstances. A specific study should be undertaken to clearly categorise and quantify the various expressions of colony losses in the field. This study will be closely linked to the strengthening of surveillance systems;
- High concentrations of pesticides have rarely been identified in relation to colony losses (CCD in USA and winter colony losses in Europe) although acute events of pesticide toxicity are well described during the production season (and clearly differentiated from CCD and winter colony losses). However, the questions of possible synergistic effects of various pesticides and the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal doses of pesticides remains, and requires further investigation;
- Biological agents such as parasites, viruses or bacteria, alone or in combination, have clearly been identified as important factors in colony losses. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge about the exact mechanisms and/or interactions involved, that must also be addressed;
- Even though the multifactorial origin of colony losses is well acknowledged, the respective role of each factor as a risk or causative agent is unknown, and no hierarchy of relative threat posed by each one has been established. These matters require further investigation using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies).
Conclusione
This bee surveillance project sought information on both the prevalence of honey bee colony losses, and the surveillance systems respectively in 27 European countries. Through a standardised questionnaire, each of the surveillance systems collecting these data was evaluated. In addition, a thorough literature search of the existing databases, as well as relevant grey literature about causes of colony losses was completed, and the literature evaluated.
The main conclusions from project activities can be summarised as follows:
- General weakness and high variability of most of the surveillance systems in the 25 systems investigated;
- Lack of representative data at country level and comparable data at EU level for colony losses;
- Common consensus of the scientific community about the multifactorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States and insufficient knowledge of causative and risk factors for colony losses.
From these finding the consortium makes the following recommendations:
1. Implementation of a sustainable European network for coordination and follow-up of surveillance, and research on colony losses to underpin monitoring programmes;
2. Strengthen standardization at European level by harmonization of surveillance systems, data collected and by developing common performance indicators;
3. Build on the examples of best practice found in existing surveillance systems on communicable and notifiable diseases already present in some countries;
4. Undertake specific studies that build on the existing work in progress to improve the knowledge and understanding of factors that affect bee health (for example stress caused by pathogens, pesticides, environmental and technological factors and their interactions) using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies);
5. The set up of the coordination team at European level. This is a crucial issue and the coordination team should be organized in such a way so as to ensure its sustainability and to enable effective surveillance programme activities at the European level.
Complete report attached and also here: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/27e.htm
Beekeeper: No need to kill bees for the Padres
Removing bees live is less dangerous than trying to kill them, a professional beekeeper writes.
Friday, July 3, 2009
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An unidentified usher tries to move a swarm of bees as they cover a chair in left field during the ninth inning of the Padres game on Thursday. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)
A honey bee swarm delayed an Astros-Padres' baseball game for 52 minutes on Thursday, while a “beekeeper” was called to exterminate them.
I was appalled that a swarm of bees was destroyed in front of thousands of baseball fans! How many more people, probably millions, that saw the incident on national TV now have the message that it is necessary or advisable to kill a swarm of bees this way?
I was disgusted and horrified. I remove swarms of honey bees alive every day. Beekeepers do not exterminate bees!
Something had to be done quickly at Petco Park of course. But exterminating them took as long as it would to collect them, and stirred the remaining bees into a frenzy. I contend that far from being the safe option, this was a risky one.
Benign swarm
Bees in a swarm are at their most benign. When a colony becomes too crowded, the workers create a new queen. Just before the new queen hatches, the old queen leaves the hive with a large proportion of the workers, headed for a new location. This is how new bee hives are created.
Before they depart the hive, the bees fill up with honey to sustain them until they can start foraging again. They're feeling pretty good, just as you do after a good meal.
They have no hive to defend so are very unlikely to sting anyone. In fact, since they are full of honey, it's physically difficult for them to sting.
This cluster of bees is called a swarm. They collect somewhere temporarily while the scout bees look for a permanent new location. This is what we saw at Petco Park on Thursday.
Urban myth of killer bees
I frequently collect swarms without any protective clothing. It shouldn't be necessary.
In more than 20 years of keeping bees, I have collected hundreds of swarms. I have never come across a credible story of anyone being attacked by a swarm of bees. I believe it is an urban myth.
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Bees under threat
Honey bees are under a serious threat at the moment. Colonies have been mysteriously dying, not only in the US, but across most of Europe. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) leaves the hive completely devoid of bees.
The cause is not known but it is very worrying. Bees account for much of the fresh food we eat by way of pollination.
Farmers, not known for throwing money about, spend billions of dollars annually to rent hives of bees from commercial beekeepers to pollinate crops.
Crops depend on honey bees
Who hasn't heard that bees are in trouble? We need honey bees. It has been said that one third of all food grown depends on honey bees for pollination. What kind of message does killing 20,000 bees on national television send to the public?
I know people were frightened. But if they had called a true beekeeper, not an exterminator, the bees would have been removed humanely, alive, without the risk of those stray bees, which remained after the exterminator sprayed them.
In some parts of the world it is illegal to exterminate bees unless a beekeeper has inspected the situation and been unable to remove them alive. This should be the case in the United States.
Padres' response
Richard Andersen, Executive VP, Ballpark Management & General Manager of PETCO Park, called me in response to an email I sent. He was very keen to get the facts and I'm sure in future they will try to take the socially responsible action. The Padres won an award.
Tom Garfinkel quipped that Luke Yoder, Padres' director of field and landscape maintenance, has a beekeeper on speed-dial. I say next time, call a professional beekeeper to do the right thing!
There is a network of true beekeepers who would respond straightaway in circumstances like these.
Geoff Kipps-Bolton is owner of San Diego Bees and www.bees-on-the-net.com.
http://www.sdnn.com/sandiego/2009-07-03/news/beekeeper-no-need-to-kill-bees-for-the-padres
Kim Flottum found out for us (thaaaaaank youuu!)
A year ago USDA CSREES (Cooperative State Research Extension Education Service) awarded a $4.1 million grant to a group of university researchers for the express purpose of solving the current honey bee health problems confronting the beekeeping industry. Without actually nailing it down, this was a project to look into the current Colony Collapse Disorder malady and, over four years, find out what was going on. But at the same time the grant was to fund an extensive education program for beekeepers, and to develop as much information as possible so beekeepers could keep their bees healthy, and had a place to go for questions … and answers. Moreover, 25% of the funds were to go to study non-apis pollinators, such as bumble bees, alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and the like. To date, this is the only government money to be distributed to beekeeping researchers to study this problem other than normal budgetary funds to keep the USDA projects up and running.
So what's happened in a year? I'm glad you asked, because I wanted to know too. So I ventured to the University of Georgia in Athens to visit with Dr. Keith Delaplane , the leader of this large and varied group studying this large and varied problem.
In this first year each of the cooperators in the program have hired the people they need to work with or brought on board the grad students who will do the work or the post-doc who will assist in the project. Probably the biggest accomplishment so far, said Dr. Delaplane, is the establishment of the seven stationary apiaries to monitor honey bee health and the environment. These apiaries, consisting of 30 colonies each, are in Maine, Florida, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Texas, Washington and California. Each is administered by one of the researchers and will be managed using the techniques particular to their respective locations … bees in Minnesota are not managed on the same calendar or with the same methods as those bees in Texas, for instance. But each area does have best management practices that reflect these differences, and those will be followed.
However, one constant is that each colony in each of these apiaries will be sampled once a month for the duration of the study to look at what's going on inside. Samples of bees, honey and wax will be taken, and measurements of bees and brood will all be taken routinely. The samples will go to a lab at Penn State to look for viruses and nosema disease, to the University of Minnesota to count nosema spores, and to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station to look at the pollen and wax samples for residues of agricultural pesticides. At the same time, USDA scientists will be taking identical samples, and doing identical counts from a series of migratory beekeeping operations. Samples and data will be identical from each apiary and each migratory operation, and at the end the mountain of data will be easily comparable and very useful, said Delaplane.
Because this grant also covers non-apis bees (that is, bees that are not honey bees) identical samples will be taken from managed non-apis bees at each of the apiary sites. Scientists are looking for cross infections or other relationships.
Other non-apis projects include looking at increasing the efficiency and reducing the stress of managed bumblebees when used for pollination. The effects of the neonicitinoid pesticides on non-apis bees are also being studied, and especially the sub-lethal effects and any effects from residues. This should be interesting.
Meanwhile, the Extension and Education part of this has moved right along, and in July the USDA is launching its eXtension.org website. It is to be a one-stop shopping experience for agricultural information. The honey bee health section is housed and administered from the University of Kentucky in Lexington. All of the information that goes on this web page, the bee page included, is well-researched and well-refereed work, with oversight by a large team of honey bee scientists. There will be a Frequently Asked Questions section, an Ask The Expert question, Best Management Guides section and more. All coming from the Bee Health Community group. This effort will be federally supported, but all states will contribute with funds from their individual extension budgets. This will, over time I imagine, erode the personnel in each state's Extension core. Unfortunate, but at least there won't be a vacuum left behind.
Other Funded Bee Research
- Investigating the genetic makeup of the varroa mite
University and USDA scientists in Texas and IN are looking at this from the molecular level, looking for those genes responsible for the varroa -sensitive hygienic behavior. This trait allows bees to detect larva in a capped cell that have varroa and remove them. This keeps the mite's populations in check without chemicals. Moreover, once identified queen producers will be able to certify that their bees do have the gene and should exhibit that behavior. - Understanding honey bee viruses
Scientists at Penn State are doing cage studies with bees looking at the effects of individual viruses, and then the effects of different viruses combined. - Untangling the health effects of nosema parasites
Many insects species suffer from different species of nosema … is looking at this disease, while scientists at Michigan and Kentucky are trying to produce honey bees with only a single problem … nosema apis , or nosema ceranae , but not other problems at the same time. Once isolated, they will then look at these diseases in combination with viruses, and combinations of viruses. - Understanding the effects of miticides (pesticides)
Lab studies looking at the effects of individual and the synergism of the all of the miticides beekeepers use in a hive are being conducted in Nebraska. Along the same lines, effects of these chemicals on queen viability and drone sperm production are being looked at. - Investigating the effects of farm pesticides
Ag chemicals have been blamed for much/some/all/none of colony collapse disorder – take your pick. But that should be answered by studies looking at the effects of these on larvae and nurse bees. That should be interesting, but the funding for this particular project is still on hold. - Rearing healthy queen bees
Think Globally, but act Locally is kind of the theme for the work being done in Washington and New York. Genetic diversity seems to be lacking, at least in some operations due to the small number of commercial beekeepers producing queens. Thus, more queen producers are needed and they should be more localized and regional rather than all coming from a central location, goes the thinking. Researchers will be setting up educational programs to develop local and regional queen production operations to capitalize on the diversity of a lot of regions. But first they have to find some…that's what they are doing now.
So, after year one, seven stationary apiaries are set up and running, along with migratory operations being sampled, a host of research projects are up and running, or are almost there, and the eXtension web page, loaded with tons of honey bee health information is due to be launched next month. $4.1 million, one year later.
See comments:
http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/blogs/bees/colony-collapse-disorder-88061601?src=rss
Public release date: 4-Jun-2009
Contact: Dennis O'Brien
dennis.obrien@ars.usda.gov
301-504-1624
Public Library of Science
Bee-killing parasite genome sequenced
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have sequenced the genome of a parasite that can kill honey bees. Nosema ceranae is one of many pathogens suspected of contributing to the current bee population decline, termed colony collapse disorder (CCD). Researchers describe the parasite's genome in a study published June 5 in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens .
In 2006, CCD began devastating commercial beekeeping operations, with some beekeepers reporting losses of up to 90 percent, according to the USDA. Researchers believe CCD may be the result of a combination of pathogens, parasites and stress factors, but the cause remains elusive. At stake are honey bees that play a valuable part in a $15 billion industry of crop farming in the United States.
The microsporidian Nosema is a fungus-related microbe that produces spores that bees consume when they forage. Infection spreads from their digestive tract to other tissues. Within weeks, colonies are either wiped out or lose much of their strength. Nosema apis was the leading cause of microsporidia infections among domestic bee colonies until recently when N. ceranae jumped from Asian honey bees to the European honey bees used commercially in the United States.
The ARS scientists used genetic tools and microscopic analysis at the ARS Bee Research Laboratory (BRL) in Beltsville, Maryland to examine N. ceranae . They collaborated with colleagues at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York, and 454 Life Sciences, of Branford, Connecticut.
Sequencing the genome should help scientists trace the parasite's migration patterns, determine how it became dominant, and help resolve the spread of infection by enabling the development of diagnostic tests and treatments.
ARS is a scientific research agency in the US Department of Agriculture.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Supported by the USDA-ARS Administrator fund, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (JDE, JC, JP), North America Pollinator Protection Campaign, www.pollinator.org (JE, JC), USDA-NRI grant # 2002-0256, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (JE), Northeast Biodefense Center Grant # U54AI57158, www.nbc.columbia.edu (WIL), and Google.org Contract # 17-2008, www.google.org (WIL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this paper is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
COMPETING INTERESTS: ME, SH, and BD are employed by 454 Life Sciences/Roche Applied Sciences.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000464 (link will go live upon embargo lift)
CITATION: Cornman RS, Chen YP, Schatz MC, Street C, Zhao Y, et al. (2009) Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees. PLoS Pathog 5(6): e1000466. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000466
Disclaimer
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Pesticides indicted in bee deaths
Agriculture officials have renewed their scrutiny of the world's best-selling pest-killer as they try to solve the mysterious collapse of the nation's hives.
By Julia Scott
Salon.com
http://www.salon.com/env/feature/2009/05/18/bees_pesticides/
May 18, 2009 - Gene Brandi will always rue the summer of 2007. That's when the California beekeeper rented half his honeybees, or 1,000 hives, to a watermelon farmer in the San Joaquin Valley at pollination time. The following winter, 50 percent of Brandi's bees were dead.
“They pretty much disappeared,” says Brandi, who's been keeping bees for 35 years.Since the advent in 2006 of colony collapse disorder , the mysterious ailment that continues to decimate hives across the country, Brandi has grown accustomed to seeing up to 40 percent of his bees vanish each year, simply leave the hive in search of food and never come back. But this was different. Instead of losing bees from all his colonies, Brandi watched the ones that skipped watermelon duty continue to thrive.
Brandi discovered the watermelon farmer had irrigated his plants with imidacloprid, the world's best-selling insecticide created by Bayer CropScience Inc. , one of the world's leading producers of pesticides and genetically modified vegetable seeds, with annual sales of $8.6 billion. Blended with water and applied to the soil, imidacloprid creates a moist mixture the bees likely drank from on a hot day.
Stories like Brandi's have become so common that the National Honeybee Advisory Board, which represents the two biggest beekeeper associations in the US, recently asked the US Environmental Protection Agency to ban the product. “We believe imidacloprid kills bees — specifically, that it causes bee colonies to collapse,” says Clint Walker, co-chairman of the board.
Beekeepers have singled out imidacloprid and its chemical cousin clothianidin, also produced by Bayer CropScience, as a cause of bee die-offs around the world for over a decade. More recently, the same products have been blamed by American beekeepers, who claim the product is a cause of colony collapse disorder, which has cost many commercial US beekeepers at least a third of their bees since 2006, and threatens the reliability of the world's food supply.
Scientists have started to turn their attention to both products, which are receiving new scrutiny in the US, due to a disclosure in December 2007 by Bayer CropScience itself. Bayer scientists found imidacloprid in the nectar and pollen of flowering trees and shrubs at concentrations high enough to kill a honeybee in minutes. The disclosure recently set in motion product reviews by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the EPA. The tests are scheduled to wrap up in 2014, though environmentalists, including the Sierra Club, are petitioning the EPA to speed up the work.
For over a decade, Bayer CropScience has been forced to defend the family of insecticides against calls for a ban by beekeepers and environmentalists. French beekeepers succeeded in having imidacloprid banned for use on several crops after a third of the country's bees died following its use in 1999 — although the French bee population never quite rebounded, as Bayer is quick to point out. Germany banned the use of clothianidin and seven other insecticides in 2008 after tests implicated them in killing up to 60 percent of honeybees in southwest Germany.
Imidacloprid and clothianidin are chloronicotinoids, a synthetic compound that combines nicotine, a powerful toxin, with chlorine to attack an insect's nervous system. The chemical is applied to the seed of a plant, added to soil, or sprayed on a crop and spreads to every corner of the plant's tissue, killing the pests that feed on it.Pennsylvania beekeeper John Macdonald has been keeping bees for over 30 years and recently became convinced that imidacloprid is linked to colony collapse disorder. It's the only explanation he can find for why his bees, whose hives border farmland that uses the pesticide, started dropping dead a few years ago.
“There's the pernicious toxic effect — it does everything nicotine does to our nervous system,” says Macdonald. “There's the pathological effect, the interference with basic functions. They get lost, they get disoriented. They fall to the ground. They get paralyzed and their wings stick out. I can't think of anything in the environment that's changed other than farming, and virtually every farmer is using treated seeds now.”
Bayer CropScience spokesman Jack Boyne says his company's pesticides are not to blame. “We do a lot of research on our products and we feel like we have a very good body of evidence to suggest that pesticides, including insecticides, are not the cause of colony collapse disorder,” he says. “Pesticides have been around for a lot of years now and honeybee collapse has only been a factor for the last few years.” (Imidacloprid has been approved for use in the US since 1994 and clothianidin has been used since 2003.)
Scientists continue to investigate the causes of colony collapse disorder. Leading theories suggest a combination of factors that include parasitic mites, disease, malnutrition and environmental contaminants like pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. The current EPA review will provide further insight into the role of pesticides, as it will uncover whether honeybees sickened by exposure to imidacloprid spread it around by bringing contaminated nectar and pollen back to the hive.
EPA critics suggest that the agency allowed economic considerations to take precedence over the well-being of honeybees when it approved imidacloprid for sale in the US 15 years ago. “I think the EPA and USDA [US Department of Agriculture] have been covering up for Bayer, and now they're scrambling to do something about it,” says Neil Carman, a plant biologist who advises the Sierra Club on pesticides and other issues. “This review should have been done 10 years ago. It's been found to be more persistent in the environment than was reported by Bayer.”
Imidacloprid was approved with knowledge that the product, marketed as Gaucho, Confidor, Admire and others, was lethal to honeybees under certain circumstances. Today the EPA's own literature calls it “ very highly toxic ” to honeybees and other beneficial insects. Its workaround was to slap a label on the product, warning farmers not to spray it on a plant when bees were foraging in the neighborhood.
In its 2007 studies, Bayer applied standard doses of imidacloprid to test trees, including apple, lime and dogwood. Its scientists found imidacloprid in nectar at concentrations of up to 4,000 parts per billion, a dose high enough to kill several bees at once. (Honeybees can withstand a dose of up to 185 ppb, the standard amount it would take to kill 50 percent of a test population.) What caught the attention of California agricultural officials was that the test trees contained the same amount of deadly imidacloprid as the citrus and almond groves regularly sprayed by farmers, and pollinated by bees. (California's almond industry has increased its use of imidacloprid by a factor of 300 in the past five years.) Agricultural officials were also surprised to learn that the imidacloprid can persist in the leaves and blossoms of a plant for more than a year.
The Bayer results don't surprise University of California at Davis professor Eric Mussen, a well-known entomologist and one of the country's leading experts on colony collapse disorder. Mussen has seen a variety of unpublished studies with similar results, including one at UC Riverside that found imidacloprid in the nectar of a eucalyptus tree bloom at concentrations of 550 ppb a full year after it was applied.
“From some of the data on the trees, it appears as though there are situations where honeybees can get into truly toxic doses of the material,” says Mussen, who avoids spraying imidacloprid on his own demonstration fields at UC Davis. “This the first time that we've had something you put in a tree that could stay there for a long time.”
But Mussen isn't convinced imidacloprid is a primary cause of the honeybee die-off. He explains that some bees settle on fields of sunflowers and canola treated with the chemical and then “fly right through to next year.” So imidacloprid is not the only story. “Could it be part of the story?” he asks. “I'm sure. I think any of the pesticides the bees bring back to the beehive is hurting the bees.”
Mussen adds that ongoing research into chronic exposure to insecticides will be crucial. It's likely, he says, that exposure to even low doses acts like a one-two punch: It can weaken the bees until a parasite or pathogen moves in to finish them off.
As the EPA begins its pesticide studies this year, skeptics wonder whether the agency can conduct an unbiased review. Back in 2003, they point out, the EPA reported that clothianidin was “ highly toxic to honeybees on an acute contact basis,” and suggested that chronic exposure could lead to effects on the larvae and reproductive effects on the queen. Although the EPA asked Bayer for further studies of its effects on honeybees, it nevertheless authorized the chemical for market.
“If the EPA had sufficient concern about harm to bees that they would insist on other studies, it seemed unwise to approve it anyway and ask for research after the fact,” says Aaron Colangelo, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The EPA's job is to make a decision about whether a chemical is safe or not.”
Colangelo envisions a similar scenario in coming years. The EPA has announced it will review clothianidin and other chemicals in the same family, but not until 2012. In the meantime, there's nothing stopping the agency from approving the insecticides for use on new crops based on existing policies. In the end, Colangelo has little confidence the federal agency will bring a hammer down on the agribusiness giant. The EPA, he explains, often keeps its test results confidential for proprietary reasons at a company's request. As a consequence, it's unclear where gaps or discrepancies occur until a company makes a disclosure similar to Bayer's.
“They're not making decisions about whether the pesticide can be put on the market based on impacts to bees, no matter how much evidence of harm there is,” Colangelo says. “The EPA will just approve it anyway and put a warning label on the product.”
Halting the sale of pesticides, though, would be no mean task. Over 120 countries use imidacloprid under the Bayer label on more than 140 crop varieties, as well as on termites, flea collars and home garden landscaping. And the product's patent expired a few years ago, paving the way for it to be sold as a generic insecticide by dozens of smaller corporations. In California alone, imidacloprid is the central ingredient in 247 separate products sold by 50 different companies.
In a statement, the EPA says that before banning a pesticide, it “must find that an 'imminent hazard' exists. The federal courts have ruled that to make this finding, EPA must conclude, among other things, that there is a substantial likelihood that imminent, serious harm will be experienced from use of the pesticide.” The EPA did not clarify what is meant by “imminent hazard” and why the death of honeybees does not qualify.
As Mussen points out, though, a few million dead honeybees may be the cost of doing business. “If they didn't register products that were toxic to honeybees, there wouldn't be a lot of products on the market that were available for pest control.”
All the more reason to start taking the world's most ubiquitous insecticide off the market and invent a safer one, argues Walker, of the National Honeybee Advisory Board. “It's on every golf course, it's on every lawn. It's not just an agricultural product. There's really not one part of our lives it's not touching.”
YOUR HELP IS NEEDED TO SECURE FARM BILL FUNDING
FOR NATIVE AND MANAGED POLLINATOR RESEARCH
Please contact your Senators and ask them to sign on to a letter by Senator Boxer in support of vital research on agricultural pollinators. Please read below for additional information. The deadline for Senators to sign on to this letter is Wednesday, May 6.
Find the contact information for your Senator's office
Thank you,
Scott Hoffman Black
Executive Director, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Providing funding for research into the causes and remedies of honey bee and native bee declines is a critical step in pollinator conservation.
Please take a moment to call or write your Senator, let them know how important pollinators are, and ask them to 1) support this appropriation and 2) contact Senator Boxer's office to sign on to this important letter.
Senator Boxer has written a letter requesting that the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee allocate $20 million in Fiscal Year 2010 for pollinator research projects as authorized in the 2008 Farm Bill. These funds will increase the resilience and security of our farming systems by supporting vital research into Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in managed honeybees and to promote the health of honey bees and native pollinators through habitat conservation and best management practices.
BACKGROUND
As you may know, the 2008 Farm Bill includes language authorizing $100 million over five years to further our scientific understanding of the essential agricultural services pollinators provide our nation. The letter only seeks to fully fund critical provisions that were recently signed into law through legislative consensus.
Managed and native pollinators, such as honey bees, bumble bees, and other native bees, are needed for the production of over $18 billion (and possibly as much as $27 billion) per year in agricultural products in the US These animals are required for 35 percent of the world's crop production. Yet, total pollinator spending at USDA in the 2008 Fiscal Year accounted for merely 0.01 percent of the agency's budget. Without pollinators, our current yields of alfalfa, almonds, apples, cherries, cranberries, blueberries, kiwifruit, strawberries, melons, squash, peppers, peaches, pears, plums, carrot, onion, and other seed crops, would not be possible.
Arising in 2006, the as yet unexplained phenomenon termed Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) diminished our nation's already dwindling honey bee colonies, and highlighted our relative ignorance of the complex systems that support animal pollinated food production. It is vitally important to conduct research to better understand and solve this problem.
Studies in other developed nations have well documented a diminished presence of honey bees and other vital pollinators in interdependent agricultural and ecological systems, but much information is lacking in the US A major conclusion of a comprehensive study by the National Academy of Sciences in 2007 found that for most North American pollinator species, long-term population data are lacking and knowledge of their basic ecology is incomplete.
Funding for pollinator research will protect the health, future, safety, and sustainability of our nation's most nutritional food crops. These funds will ensure that we base our sustainable future in agriculture on a more comprehensive understanding of the science that supports it.
Thank you for your help in this effort.
Read more about the 2008 Farm Bill Benefits to Crop Pollinators >>
Read more about the Xerces Society Agricultural Pollinator Conservation Program >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation resources >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation publications >>
ABOUT THE XERCES SOCIETY
The Xerces Society is an international, nonprofit organization that protects wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat. For over three decades, the Society has been at the forefront of invertebrate conservation, harnessing the knowledge of scientists and the enthusiasm of citizens to implement conservation programs.
Ok. I'm finally done laughing at my headline. I came across the GrowBetterVeggies gardening blog while looking for bulbing fennel advice. Turns out to be a gardening resource worth pollinating! Not only does she prep her tomato transplant holes with fish heads, she's got a beekeeping class. There's a lot more: compost-heated greenhouse and essays from her gardening students , really nice stories. (I can't blog too much here about the regenerative revival in organic farming, the Greenhorns as some call them.) Also, if you want to see a well-monetized blog, this is it. (Sheesh) The photos and instruction are grade A. It's really a fantastic example of a well-purposed blog for a farm-to-restaurant business that in effect showcases their legacy. Cynthia Sandberg gets to be my mentor in the garden! Thanks. -DNR
Our “ anarchy apiary ” in New York appeared to lose about half of the hives wintered there. Some died recently of starvation, others had more squatter field mice who scampered out of the hive suckling babies stuck to their bellies. Eviction. No mysteries behind the losses. Several hives survived as well, from bees bred from local queens.
These pics were take last week, April 20th or so.
This is an UN-identified insect that I'd like comment on from an expert. What is it? Dragonfly nymph? (see comments for answer!)
Read a great New York Times column by Leon Kreitzman about the circadian rhythms of honeybees and Carl Linnaeus' floral clock idea . -DNR
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I checked my hive in New York and discovered some furry squatters, to my deep dismay. Check out the galleries to see the story. The bees were installed in mid-June and may have run out of food stores throughout winter. Comment if you'd like. Now I'm swarm hunting soon … (The other top bar hives that Anarchy Apiaries has nearby are looking lively, though it's been chilly.)
With bad news, there's always good news… despite my loss, I've gained hope from the White House's Organic Garden and news of their choice of using varroa-resistant Russians in their beehive !































