Na ja, fügen Poncho neben Movento wie anderen deutschen Bedrohung für die US National Security (wenn Sie über Nationen kümmern). Ist Verrat an Fällen von Unfähigkeit EPA beantragen? DNR-(Danke Grist! Great work, Herr Philpott)
Ein internes Memo EPA am Mittwoch veröffentlicht wurde bestätigt, dass die Agentur sehr mit dem Schutz der Umwelt Rechnung ignoriert die Warnungen ihrer eigenen Wissenschaftler zu Clothianidin, ein Pestizid, aus dem Bayer zerbrach bis 183 Mio. € (ca. $ 262 Mio.) Umsatz im Jahr 2009.
Clothianidin wurde in großem Stil auf Mais, der größte US-Ernte eingesetzt, seit 2003. Lieferanten zu verkaufen Samen mit ihr vorbehandelt. Wie andere Mitglieder der Familie Neonicotinoid von Pestiziden, wird Clothianidin ", die von einer Pflanze Gefäßsystem genommen und ausgedrückt durch Pollen und Nektar", so Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk von Nordamerika (panna), die das Dokument zusammen mit Beyond Pestizide durchgesickert. Dieser Effekt macht es hochgiftig, um eine Ernte von Schädlingen - und auch schädlich für die Pollen-Horten von Honigbienen, die geheimnisvollen jährlichen massiven sterben-offs (bekannt als "Colony Collapse Disorder") erlebt haben, hier in den USA mindestens seit 2006.
Die Kolonie-Zusammenbruch Phänomen ist komplex und noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Es scheint zwar keine einzelne Ursache für die jährlich sterben-offs sein, Montage Beweise deuten auf Pestizide und speziell Neonicotinoide (abgeleitet von Nikotin), als ein entscheidender Faktor. Und Neonicotinoide ein relativ neuer Faktor in Ökosystemen, die durch Honigbienen frequentiert sind - in den späten 1990er Jahren eingeführt wurden diese systemische Insektizide einen stetig steigenden Anteil an der Seed-Behandlung Markt gewonnen. Es scheint nicht unfair zu beobachten, dass die Gesundheit der Honigbiene Bevölkerung kontinuierlich über den gleichen Zeitraum gesunken.
Nach Panna, anderen Kulturen häufig mit Clothianidin behandelt auch Raps, Soja, Zuckerrüben, Sonnenblumen und Weizen - alles unter den am häufigsten angebauten Nutzpflanzen USA. Bayer ist nun eine Petition an das EPA, um es für die Verwendung mit Baumwolle und Senfkörner registrieren.
Das Dokument [PDF], sickerte nach Colorado Imker Tom Theobald, zeigt, dass EPA-Wissenschaftler haben erklärt, im Wesentlichen wies die Ergebnisse einer Studie im Auftrag von Bayer, dass die Agentur benutzt hatte, um die Registrierung von Clothianidin rechtfertigen durchgeführt. Und sie wiederholte Bedenken, dass weit verbreitete Verwendung von Clothianidin gefährdet die Gesundheit der Nation Honigbienen.
Am Donnerstag, fragte ich einen EPA Pressesprecher per E-Mail, wenn der Wissenschaftler Meinung der Agentur inspirieren würde, um Clothianidin vom Markt zu nehmen. Der Sprecher, der nicht namentlich genannt werden, aber wer auf der Platte kommuniziert im Namen der Agentur gefragt, antwortete, dass Clothianidin würde seine Registrierung zu erhalten und zur Verfügung stehen für den Einsatz im Frühjahr.
Wimpy watchdogging
Bevor wir tiefer in das Memo zugespielt zu graben, ist es wichtig, die traurige Geschichte, wie ein Insektizid bekannt, dass Honigbienen zu schaden kam, um Decke eine riesige Schneise der US-Farmland in erster Linie zu verstehen. Es ist fast unmöglich, es nicht als eine Geschichte von einem öffentlichen Schlüssel Watchdog statt Krängung in der Branche soll es regeln ist zu lesen.
In der EPA Verhandlungen mit Bayer auf diesem speziellen Insektizid, hat die Agentur mit dem Umweltschutz Rechnung konsequent Industrie-freundliche Entscheidungen, die die Schlussfolgerungen aus ihrer eigenen Wissenschaftler widersprechen gemacht - und drohen, monumentalen Schaden für unsere Nahrung System zu tun, durch Auswischen seine wichtigsten Bestäuber .
Laut einer Zeitlinie durch PANNA zur Verfügung gestellt, beginnt die schmutzige Geschichte, wenn Bayer erstmaligen Anwendung von Clothianidin für die Registrierung im Jahr 2003. (Alle Dokumente, auf die ich unten stehenden Link wurden mir von PANNA zur Verfügung gestellt.) Bis 2003 wurden US-Imker berichten Schwierigkeiten bei Nesselsucht halten gesund durch den Winter, aber noch nicht auf der Skala der Colony Collapse Disorder. Im Februar dieses Jahres vorenthalten der EPA Umweltverhalten und Effekte Division (EFED) Registrierung von Clothianidin und erklärte, dass es mehr Beweise dafür, dass es nicht schaden würden Bienenvölker wollte.
In einem Memo [PDF], erklärt ein Wissenschaftler EFAD die Entscheidung:
Die Möglichkeit einer toxischen Belastung durch Nichtziel Bestäuber [z. B. Honigbienen] durch die Translokation von Clothianidin Rückstände, die sich aus der Saatgutbehandlung (Mais und Raps) hat dazu aufgefordert EFED zu Feldversuchen, die die mögliche chronische Exposition gegenüber Larven der Honigbiene und der Königin bewerten können müssen. Um vollständig bewerten, ob dieser toxischen Wirkung, muss eine komplette Arbeitsbiene Lebenszyklus-Studie (ca. 63 Tage) durchgeführt werden, ebenso wie eine Bewertung der Exposition gegenüber der Königin.
So würde kein Verkauf von Clothianidin, bis eine enge, fachliche Prüfung, wie sie mit Pollen infundiert beeinflussen Arbeitsbienen und Ihrer Majestät der Königin.
Wieder war die im Februar 2003. Aber im April dieses Jahres, nur zwei Monate später einen Rückzieher der Agentur. "Nach weiteren Prüfung", schrieb die Behörde in einem anderen Memo , die EPA hat beschlossen, Clothianidin "bedingte Zulassung" zu gewähren - was bedeutet, dass Bayer frei, es zu verkaufen war, und Saatgut-Prozessoren waren frei, sie um ihre Produkte zu bewerben. (Verstehen Sie mich nicht begonnen auf der EPA Gewohnheit Gewährung dodgy Chemikalien "bedingte Zulassung", bevor ihre unregulierte Einsatz für Jahre oder sogar Jahrzehnte. Das ist eine andere Geschichte.)
Das EPA eine Bedingung spiegelt die Anliegen ihrer Wissenschaftler darüber, wie es wäre Honigbienen beeinflussen: Bayer, dass die "chronische Lebenszyklus-Studie" die Agentur bereits im Dezember 2004 gefordert hatte abzuschließen. Die Wissenschaftler kein Blatt Wörter in ihre Bedenken bekräftigt. Sie nannten Clothianidin-Effekten "persistent" und "giftig für Bienen" und stellte fest, die das "Potenzial für die Expression in Pollen und Nektar der Blüte Kulturen."
Diese Bedenken beiseite und "bedingte Zulassung" in der Hand, führte Bayer Clothianidin zum US-Markt im Frühjahr 2003. Die Landwirte in der gesamten Mais-Gürtel gepflanzt Samen mit Clothianidin behandelt, und Milliarden - wenn nicht Billionen - von Pflanzen begann mit der Produktion reiche Pollen mit dem Biene-Tötung stuff.
In March of 2004, Bayer requested an extension on its December deadline for delivering the life-cycle study. Eine Biene tut, was sie am besten kann - zum Glück, nicht in einem Maisfeld Foto:. Purplekey Im März 2004 forderte Bayer eine Erweiterung auf seiner Dezember-Frist für die Abgabe des Life-Cycle-Studie. In einem 11. März Memo [PDF], einigten sich die EPA, was dem Chemieriesen bis Mai 2005 die Forschung zu vervollständigen. Clothianidin fortgesetzt, die sich aus der Bayer-Werke und von Maispflanzen in Pollen.
Aber die EPA auch eine wichtige Entscheidung weitergeleitet in diesem Memo: Es gewährt Bayer die Erlaubnis es versucht, seine Studie über Raps in Kanada durchzuführen hatte, statt auf Mais in den Vereinigten Staaten. Das EPA begründete die Entscheidung wie folgt:
[Canola] ist attraktiv für Bienen [sic] und Biene Exposition sowohl aus Pollen und Nektar bieten. Ein alternativer Kulturpflanzen wie Mais, die weniger attraktiv für Bienen als Futterpflanze ist, würde Exposition von Pollen liefern, nur.
Bee Experten nennen drei Probleme mit dieser Entscheidung:
- Mais produziert viel mehr Pollen als nicht Raps;
- ihre Pollen ist attraktiver für Bienen; und
- Raps ist eine kleinere Ernte in den Vereinigten Staaten, während Mais ist die einzige am häufigsten angebaute Getreide.
Was dann geschah, war ... nicht viel. Bayer ließ die Frist für den Abschluss der Studie verfallen, und die EPA let Bayer halten den Verkauf Clothianidin, das in mehreren zehn Millionen Hektar Ackerland aufgebracht werden fortgesetzt.
Erst im August des Jahres 2007, mehr als ein Jahr nach der Frist, hat Bayer seine Studie liefern. In einer im November 2007 Memo [PDF], erklärt EPA-Wissenschaftler die Studie "wissenschaftlich fundiert" und fügte hinzu, dass es, "erfüllt die Anforderungen Leitlinie für ein Feld Toxizitätstest mit Honigbienen."
Beeing und das Nichts
Also, was waren die Details dieser Studie, auf dem die Gesundheit unserer kleinen Bestäuber Freunden abhing?
Nun, die EPA weigerte sich zunächst, es veröffentlichen, woraufhin eine Freedom of Information Act vom Natural Resources Defense Council. Wenn das EPA immer noch weigerte, sie freizugeben, NRDC reichte Klage als Antwort. Schließlich wurde die Studie veröffentlicht. Hier ist es [PDF].
Vorbereitet für Bayer von Forschern der kanadischen University of Guelph, ist das Studium ein bisschen wie ein Witz. Die Forscher haben mehrere 2,47-Hektar großen Felder mit Clothianidin behandelten Samen und passende unbehandelten Kontrolle Felder gepflanzt, und stellte Nesselsucht in der Mitte von jedem. Bees durften frei herumlaufen. Das Problem ist, dass die Bienen Futter in einem Bereich von 1,24 bis 6,2 Meilen - was bedeutet, dass die Bienen Test höchstwahrscheinlich außerhalb der Testfelder speiste. Schlimmer noch, wurden die Versuchs-und Kontrollgruppen Felder so genau wie 968 Meter voneinander entfernt, was bedeutet, gepflanzt Versuchs-und Kontrollgruppen Bienen hatten Zugang zu den eigenen Feldern.
Es überrascht nicht, fanden die Forscher "keine Unterschiede in Bienensterben, Arbeiter Langlebigkeit, oder Brut Entwicklung zwischen Kontroll-und Behandlungsgruppen während der Studie aufgetreten."
Tom Theobald, der Colorado Imker, die das Memo zugespielt erhalten, untersuchte die Studie, hart am Telefon zu mir Donnerstag. "Stell dir vor, du bist ein Rancher, um herauszufinden, ob ein schädliches Unkraut schadet Ihrer Kühe", sagte er. "Wenn man das Unkraut-Anlage auf zwei Hektar und lassen Sie Ihre Kühe frei herumlaufen über 50 Hektar großen, üppigen Montana Gras, bist du nicht zu viel über dieses Unkraut."
James Frazier, Professor für Entomologie an der Penn State stimmte. Frazier studiert seit Kolonie-Collapse Disorder seit 2006. "Als ich an der Studie untersuchte," sagte er mir in einem Telefon-Interview: "Ich dachte sofort, es war ungültig."
In der Zwischenzeit setzte Bayer verkauft Clothianidin unter seiner bedingte Meldung. Dann, am 22. April dieses Jahres hat die EPA schließlich endete Clothianidin die lange Periode der "bedingte" Fegefeuer - indem es mit voller Registrierung.
Die Agentur begabt die Biene-Tötung von Pestiziden mit ihrem neuen Status ruhig, meines Wissens, kam die einzige öffentliche Anerkennung der es durch die Bemühungen von Theobald, der äußerst besorgt über das Schicksal seiner eigenen Imkerei Geschäft in Colorado Mais Land macht sich Sorgen. Theobald weitergeleitet mir eine E-Mail-Austausch 29. November mit Meredith Laws, der amtierende Chef der EPA Herbizid Abteilung im Büro des Pestizid-Programme, zu denen er geschrieben hatte, um über die Registrierung Clothianidin Status zu erkundigen. Laws 'Antwort ist wert, zitiert in seiner Gesamtheit:
Clothianidin wurde eine bedingungslose Zulassung für den Einsatz als Behandlung von Saatgut für Mais und Raps auf 22. April 2010 gewährt. EPA erteilt eine neue Registrierung Ankündigung, [aber] es gibt kein Dokument, das die Änderung aus bedingtem zu unbedingten anerkennt. Dies war ein Risikomanagement Entscheidung über die Erfüllung der Datenanforderungen und Bewertungen der Annahme oder Bestätigung der Einreichung der Daten.
So gab die EPA Bayer und seine zweifelhaften Pestizid einen vollständigen Durchlauf ohne dass er die Öffentlichkeit wissen lassen.
Gerade Biene sehr vorsichtig sein, wenden Sie sich bitte
Nun kommen wir zum zugespielt bekommen Memo [PDF]. Es wird vom 2. November - drei Wochen vor Laws 'Antwort auf Theobald. Sie bezieht sich auf die Bayer-Bemühungen, die Clothianidin genehmigte Verwendung in Baumwolle und Senf zu erweitern. Verfasst von zwei Wissenschaftlern in Umweltverhalten der EPA und Effekte Division - Ökologe Joseph dekantieren und Chemiker Michael Barrett - Das Memo ist sehr besorgt über die Wirkung von Clothianidin auf Honigbienen:
Clothianidin wichtigsten Anliegen ist es, Risiko-Ziel-Insekten (das heißt, Bienen).
Clothianidin ist ein Neonicotinoidinsektizid, die sowohl persistent und systemisch ist. Untersuchungen zur akuten Toxizität für Bienen zeigen, dass Clothianidin sehr giftig auf beide einem Kontakt und einer mündlichen Grundlage ist. Obwohl EFED nicht leitet ... Risikobewertungen auf Nicht-Zielorganismen, Informationen von Standard-Tests und Feldstudien sowie Berichte über Zwischenfälle unter Beteiligung anderer Neonicotinoide Insektizide (z. B. Imidacloprid) deuten auf das Potential für die langfristige toxische Risiko für Bienen und andere Nützlinge Insekten.
Die eigentliche Kicker ist, dass die Forscher im Wesentlichen für ungültig erklärt die Bayer-finanzierte Studie - dh die Studie, auf der Basis der EPA Clothianidin der Registrierung als vollständig registriert Chemikalie. Unter Bezugnahme auf die Pestizid, schreiben die Autoren:
Eine vorherige Feldstudie [dh die Bayer-Studie] untersuchte die Auswirkungen von Clothianidin auf ganze Bienenstock Parameter und wurde als akzeptabel eingestuft. Doch nach einer weiteren Überprüfung dieser Feldstudie im Lichte der zusätzlichen Informationen, Mängel wurden identifiziert, die machen das Studium ergänzende. Es erfüllt nicht die Richtlinie 850.3040, und ein anderer Feldstudie wird benötigt, um die Auswirkungen von Clothianidin auf die Bienen durch kontaminierten Pollen und Nektar zu bewerten. Exposure durch kontaminierte Pollen und Nektar und mögliche toxische Effekte daher eine Unsicherheit für die Bestäuber zu bleiben. [Hervorhebung meine.]
Also, hier haben wir EPA Forscher ausdrücklich Nichtigkeit der Studie, auf denen Clothianidin gewonnen Registrierung für Mais. Aber wie ich oben schrieb, trotz dieser Informationen der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht, hat die EPA signalisiert, dass sie keine Pläne für die chemische-Status zu verändern.
In der Anbausaison 2011, werden zehn Millionen Hektar Ackerland mit Clothianidin-geschnürt Pollen blühen - Honigbienen und wissenschaftlich fundiert, verdammt zu werden.
Jetzt, in meiner Korrespondenz mit der EPA hat die Agentur bestritten, dass die Herabstufung des Bayer-Studie von "akzeptabel", um "ergänzende" bedeutete, dass die Behörde, an Clothianidin Zustimmung sollte gezwungen werden. In einer Email an mich, Donnerstag lieferte die Agentur ein Hinken Verteidigung der Bayer-Studie, im Widerspruch zu ihrer eigenen Wissenschaftler und Adressierung keine der Kritiken an sie:
EPA Auswertung der Studie festgestellt, dass es nützliche Informationen zu der Agentur Risikobewertung enthält. Die Studie zeigte die Mehrheit der Nesselsucht überwacht, einschließlich derer ausgesetzt Clothianidin während der abgelaufenen Saison, überlebten die Überwinterung Zeitraum.
Und es heruntergespielt der Studie zur Bedeutung der Bayer-Antrag auf Eintragung Clothianidin: Die betreffende Studie sei "kein" Kern "-Studie für EPA nach," die Behörde darauf bestand. "Es ist nicht eine Studie routinemäßig erforderlich, um die Registrierung eines Pestizids zu unterstützen."
Ich lief die Reaktion von Jay Feldman von Beyond Pestizide, die Gruppe, die mit PANNA der Bekanntmachung der durchgesickerten Dokument zusammen. "Ich finde die EPA Antwort entweder falsch informiert oder irreführend", sagte er mir. "Die Paper Trail auf, das ist klar. Wir reden über eine schlechte Studie von EPA erforderlich, um die Registrierung dieser Chemikalie [die zentrale ist] reden. "
Feldmans Einschätzung scheint sich zu tragen. Er wies mich zurück zu dem oben verlinkten 27. November Dokument, in dem EPA ursprünglich akzeptierte das Bayer-Studie. Dort, auf Seite 5 finden wir folgende Aussage:
Genauer gesagt, wurde der Test in Reaktion auf eine Anfrage von den kanadischen pmrA [Pestizide und Pest Management Agency] und der US-EPA durchgeführt; als Bedingung für Poncho @ [Clothianidin] Registrierung in diesen Ländern, Bayer CropScience wurde gebeten, die lange untersuchen zur chronischen Toxizität von Clothianidin behandeltem Raps auf Nahrungssuche Honigbienen.
So offensichtlich, wird die Bayer diskreditierte Studie im Herzen von Clothianidin die Akzeptanz liegen. (Ich habe ein Interview mit einer EPA-Beamter, der kenntnisreich und auf der Schallplatte über diese Dinge sprechen können, die ersucht wird, die anonym-für-Anfrage Sprecher ist, zum Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung, noch auf der Suche nach dem "richtigen Person:" Ich war informiert über E-Mail.)
Ein Stechen Beurteilung
Zumindest haben wir genügend Beweise, dass die EPA wurde ignoriert die Warnungen ihrer eigenen Wissenschaftler und Mitarbeiter grünes Licht Das massive Aufgebot von einer chemischen weithin verstanden, um Bestäuber schaden - in einer Zeit, Honigbienen in ernster Form sind.
Aber warum? Tom Theobald, der Colorado Imker, die diese Geschichte brach, wagte eine Antwort. "Es ist Korporatismus, die Kehrseite des Faschismus", sagte er. "Ich bin nicht gegen Konzerne, ich glaube, sie haben ein gutes Modell. Aber sie sind wie Kinder - wir müssen sie zügeln oder sie aus dem Ruder laufen. Die EPA soll das tun. "
Als Regime-Wechsel nach Washington kam im Jahr 2008, hofften viele von uns, dass ein EPA unter Barack Obama wäre ein besserer Vater zu sein. EPA-Direktor Lisa Jackson geerbt ein ziemliches Sammelsurium von ihrem Vorgänger, und sie steht vor der Herkulesaufgabe der Regulierung von Treibhausgasen gegen heftigen Widerstand der Republikaner und der Industrie.
Aber die Sorge Mounts - von ihrem eigenen Personal und anderswo -, dass Clothianidin schadet Bienen, gibt es keine Entschuldigung für Jacksons Agentur zu Verweichlichung Bayer zu halten. Frazier, der Penn State Entomologe, legte es mir so: ". Wenn der Bayer-Studie ist die Kern-Studie der EPA bei der Registrierung verwendet Clothianidin, dann gibt es keine Grundlage für die Registrierung es" Er drängte die EPA zur Anmeldung zurückziehen, um unnötige Risiken zu vermeiden zu einer kritischen Spieler in unserem Ökosystem - wie haben die Regierungen von Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und Slowenien.
Neue Technik findet Krankheitserreger, die widersprüchlichen Ansprüche an Colony Collapse Disorder versöhnen kann
von James Fischer
James Fischer ( james.fischer @ gmail.com ) für
"The American Bee Journal" ( http://www.american beejournal.com )
(Sperrfrist von der Fachzeitschrift PLoS ONE, bis 2010.10.06 17.00 Uhr EDT)
Ein multi-institutionellen Team von Forschern durch die ständig wachsenden Zoo der neue invasive, exotische Erreger von Bienen gesichtet, und konsequent die beiden gleichen Krankheit Organismen in Bienenstöcken leiden, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in Proben gesammelt von 2006 bis 2009 gefunden.
Sie entdeckten einen neuen Virus noch nie in Nordamerika gesehen, und fand eine bekannte invasive Variante der intestinalen Bienenkrankheit Nosema. Das Virus übersehen könnte erklären, warum frühere Studien widersprüchliche Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Diese neuen Erkenntnisse könnten eine Grundlage für Konsens unter den Forschungsteams, die bis dato fehlte Gemeinsamkeiten in ihren Schlussfolgerungen.
Ihre Arbeit erschien nur Minuten in der Fachzeitschrift PLoS ONE ( http://dx.plos.org / 10.1371/journal.pone.0013181 )
Der Aufsatz berichtet über eine mehrjährige Studie der Colony Collapse Disorder. Die Forscher verwendeten neuen Technologien und Techniken zu erkennen und eindeutig zu identifizieren jeden Erreger in einstürzenden Bienenstöcke, anstatt die kleinere Teilmenge der möglichen Erreger nachweisbar über andere Mittel.
Ein Wirbellose Irisierende Virus ("IIV"), in Nordamerika neu gefunden, in Kombination mit Nosema ceranae, die aus Übersee weniger vor kurzem angekommen, wurde im "Nahezu alle der Bienen von CCD-Kolonien" von weit verstreut abgetastet USA Bienenstöcken von gefunden 2006 bis 2009.
IIV nicht in Bienen von Paketen aus Australien noch in Bienen aus einem isolierten nicht wandernde kommerziellen Betrieb Biene in Montana importiert gefunden, bestätigten beide Seiten frei von CCD-ähnliche Symptome.
Darüber hinaus werden die Forscher "beobachtet das Fortschreiten der CCD in einem einstürzenden Kolonie ... unter Bienenproben ... über einen Zeitraum von drei Monaten, die endet, wenn nur eine Königin und vier Arbeiter geblieben."
Noch weiter, wurden einige Bienen mit Nosema ceranae geimpft, während die anderen Bienen mit dem "IIV-6"-Stamm des IIV-Virus geimpft wurden. Ihre Sterblichkeit wurde dann auf Bienen mit beiden Erregern geimpft verglichen, und eine Kontrollgruppe ein Placebo gegeben. Die Ergebnisse "stark darauf hin, dass die Kombination von N. ceranae und IIV mit erhöhtem Bienensterben assoziiert ist."
Doch auch weitere, entdeckte der Aufwand zwei zusätzliche invasive exotische Bienenviren nie zuvor in Nordamerika erkannt, aber bestimmt, dass sie nicht in CCD beteiligt. Die Viren gefunden werden, sind "Varroa destructor-1-Virus" und "Kakugo Virus", beide ursprünglich aus Asien.
Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk von U Montana skizziert die nächsten Schritte: "Wir haben einen Vorschlag anhängig zu isolieren, zu charakterisieren und dann impfen Bienen mit dem spezifischen Virus, das irisierende in den USA Bienen auftritt. Dies ist ein kritischer Schritt, da das Virus nicht erscheint einem der weltweit bekannten schillernden Viren sein. Sobald wir den eigentlichen Virus haben, können wir ergänzen die Impfung Studien, die benötigt wird, um zu testen, ob wir wirklich die Ursache von CCD gefunden werden. "
Proteomics - Eine kurze Zusammenfassung
Die Technik in dieser Studie verwendeten scheint ideal für die Bewältigung der ständig wachsenden Liste von Krankheitserregern über die Ozeane durch die Globalisierung des Handels durchgeführt. Es kann bemerkt werden Krankheitserreger, die nicht identisch sein mit einem bekannten Erreger müssen. Diese beschreibt die Bedürfnisse der Imker deutlich, da die Zahl der invasiven, die Honigbienen in den USA seit den frühen 1980er Jahren kam die Pest.
"Massenspektrometrie-basierter Proteomics" (MSP) beginnt mit etwa 60 Bienen in einen Mixer geworfen und bis zur Homogenität gemischt, anschließend filtriert. Die Zellen werden chemisch platzen, und Proteine werden isoliert aus dem Mix und "verdaut", das Zerlegen von ihnen zu Peptiden. Die resultierenden Peptide werden durch eine Vorrichtung als "Liquid Chromatograph", um sie durch die Dichte, die ihre Struktur und Sequenz von einem anderen Satz von Vorrichtungen, "Tandem-Massenspektrometer" bestimmt werden können zu trennen.
Jedes Peptid-Sequenz wird dann zu dem NIH National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) Datenbank von Peptid-Sequenzen verglichen. Die Datenbank verwendet wird, ist eine Sammlung der Peptide einzigartige bestimmten Organismen. Dies bedeutet, dass jedes Spiel von einer Peptidsequenz ein einzigartiges Spiel zu einem einzigen Organismus ist. Jedes Peptid in mehr als einem Organismus verwendet würden nicht in der Datenbank sein.
Dr. Charles Wick von der US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center erläutert den Grad der Sicherheit, mit der das Virus in den Kolonien zeigen CCD-Symptome festgestellt wurde: "IIV hat 18.900 einzigartige Peptide ... Sobald wir feststellen, einige von diesen, sagen wir 50-100, wir haben genug Beweise für eine eindeutige Identifikation. "
Aber wie kamen sie machen, was Dr. Wick eine "eindeutige Identifikation" eines Virus, das von Dr. Bromenshenk gesagt wurde, nicht "jeder der weltweit bekannten schillernden Viren" Wie kann jemand zu finden, was noch nicht einmal erkannt wurde oder identifiziert, bevor genannt ? Die Antwort ist, dass der unbekannte Organismus wird die engste Organismus in der Datenbank, die Dinge verengt sich mindestens auf die "Familie" oder "Gattung" Niveau, wenn nicht "Spezies" entsprechen. Also, auch ohne die spezifischen Stammes sequenziert von IIV von Interesse, abgestimmt genug Peptide die IIV Stamm in der Datenbank, um zu bestätigen, was gefunden wurde, war ein Stamm von IIV.
Als Beispiel für das breite Netz, das von dieser Technik war Nosema nicht in der NCBI Datenbank gut vertreten, so gab es einige Unklarheiten in der Identifizierung des Nosema über Proteomik allein, passend nur die Gattung Nosema. Die Art und Stamm wurde als Nosema ceranae bestätigt mittels Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR)-Techniken.
Die Behauptungen in Spanien ist vor allem erklärt werden
Forschung von Mariano Higes der Bee Pathology Laboratory, Centro Regional apicola in Marchamalo geführt hat Spanien wiederholt, um Nosema ceranae als einzige unmittelbare Ursache für eine schnelle Colony Collapse hingewiesen. Dies schien unwahrscheinlich, dass Forscher in den USA und anderswo, wie Nosema nicht erschienen als virulent außerhalb Spaniens zu sein. Aber diese neue Arbeit liefert eine Erklärung, die die Higes Arbeit mit nichts mehr als die Addition der neu erkannten IIV unterstützen könnte.
Wie in früheren Studien aus den USA, würde niemand in Spanien gehabt haben Grund zu der Annahme, dass ein DNA-Virus, wie IIV beteiligt werden würde, als der Großteil der Biene Viren RNA-Viren sind. Und sie habe noch für IIV in Spanien suchen, und sie hatten nicht die breitere Netz von MSP zu finden, was wurde nicht gesucht. Die gute Nachricht ist, dass Dr. Higes historischen Proben eingefroren hat. Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk berichtet, dass die Higes Team bereit, in einer gemeinsamen Anstrengung, um die spanische Proben unter Verwendung von MSP-Screening beteiligen ist.
Erklärt dies CCD in den USA?
Die Proben in dieser Studie analysierten zeigten ein breites Spektrum von Pathogenen, einschließlich Nosema, Wirbellose Irisierende Virus ("IIV"), Black Queen Zellvirus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus, Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus, Deformed Wing Virus, Sackbrut Virus-, Kaschmir-Bienen- Virus, Varroa destructor-1-Virus, und Kakugo Virus. Keiner der Verdächtigen durch andere Erreger Forschungsanstrengungen benannt wurden verpasst, zwei neue und neuartige Krankheitserreger gefunden wurden, und der Einsatz von MSP impliziert, dass keine Krankheitserreger mehr übersehen wurden. Selbst eine neue, unbekannte und namenlose Erreger würden in einem Teilpeptid Spiel zu einem anderen Lebewesen geführt haben.
Also, während die Grafen oder Mischung von Erregern könnte durch eine unzureichende Anzahl von Proben oder Sammeln von Proben aus einer unzureichenden Anzahl von Operationen verzerrt haben, ist es schwer vorstellbar, dass es zusätzliche Erreger noch nicht gefunden, die in CCD beteiligt sein werden .
Unsicherheit über Biosicherheit
Seit den 1980er Jahren wurde "Globalisierung" zunehmend aus der Verbringung von Waren aus den asiatischen Häfen für westliche Ufer. Diese Forschung verbindet die Punkte durch konsequent die Suche nach bestimmten Biene Erreger aus Asien, unbekannt USA Imker in den frühen 1980er Jahren, aber die sind inzwischen viel zu bekannt vor:
“We know that in the Asian honey bee, Apis ceranae, a combination of parasites and pathogens co-exist, including: (1) Nosema ceranae, (2) an iridescent virus, (3) parasitic and predacious mites, and (4) two other RNA-type viruses, Kashmir bee virus and a Sacbrood virus. We have had both Kashmir bee virus and Nosema ceranae in North America going back a decade or more. We need to see how similar the CCD strain of iridescent virus is to the IIV-24 strain from Apis ceranae. It is possible that US bees acquired IIV from the Apis ceranae along with Nosema ceranae and Kashmir bee virus.”
While unsubstantiated “fringe” explanations for CCD abound, ranging from cell phones to pesticides to GMO crops, the common factor is that pathogens previously found only in Asia have spread to countries lacking effective biosecurity, such as the USA, but not to countries with more robust approaches to biosecurity, such as New Zealand. The research team suggests “Standard quarantine practices such as testing of imported bees before they are added to colonies, and disinfection of equipment would likely help.”
Practical Implications For Beekeepers
The team has two suggestions of interest to beekeepers:
- “Most IIVs replicate at about 21 C (70 F) and do not replicate above 30-32 C (86 – 89 F). Higher temperatures may suppress the virus by halting replication, whereas cool weather and damp conditions may speed up replication of both IIV and Nosema. Many instances of CCD have occurred following extended periods of cool, damp weather. Several beekeepers have reported to us that they have more problems with bees in areas with frequent fog or in hill areas where the weather is cooler. Placing bees in warm, sunny locations appears to help.”
- “Varroa may act as a vector for the dispersal of IIV among bee colonies. Varroa is known to increase damage caused by other viruses, and beekeepers who fail to control varroa levels are likely to sustain high colony losses.”
This may not sound like much, but it is a vast improvement over the usual vague platitudes we've been handed over and over about “maintaining strong colonies” and “minimizing stress”. It also ups the ante in the age-old debate among beekeepers over placing hives in sun versus placing hives in shade.
“Iridovirus and Microsporidian Linked to Honey Bee Colony Decline”
Jerry J. Bromenshenk, Colin B. Henderson, Charles H. Wick, Michael F. Stanford, Alan W. Zulich, Rabih E. Jabbour, Samir V. Deshpande, Patrick E. McCubbin, Robert A. Seccomb, Phillip M. Welch, Trevor Williams, David R. Firth, Evan Skowronski, Margaret M. Lehmann, Shan L. Bilimoria, Joanna Gress, Kevin W. Wanner, Robert A. Cramer Jr.
(2010) PLoS ONE 5(10): e13181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013181
Jim Fischer keeps bees in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx, and hopes to raise queens in Queens. He teaches the free 16-week full-semester urban beekeeping class in New York's Central Park for the 846-member non-profit NYC Beekeeping Group ( http://meetup.com/nyc-beekeeping ) and helps run the Gotham City Honey Co-Op ( http://GothamCityBees.com ).
More evidence. I'm happy to elevate these articles to higher readership. DNR-
http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/43568
Aug 27, 2010
Insecticide implicated in bee decline
Honeybees, bumblebees and many other insects are being slowly poisoned to death by persistent insecticides used to protect agricultural crops. Small doses of the toxic chemicals accumulate over time, meaning that there is no safe level of exposure. That's the conclusion from recent research looking at the long-term effects of a commonly used class of insecticides.
As they buzz from flower to flower, bees, moths and hoverflies carry out a vital job. Around one third of agricultural crops are pollinated by these busy insects, a service that is worth £440 ma year to the UK economy alone.
But in recent years these valuable pollinators have been struggling, with populations plummeting worldwide. Honeybees in particular have been suffering, with colony collapse disorder (CCD) – a phenomenon where the bees desert the hive – becoming more common in Europe and North America.
Die Kontroverse hat sich rund um das Thema verwirbelt, und alles vom Handy bis zum GV-Pflanzen wurden verantwortlich gemacht. Jetzt neue Studien zeigen, dass Insektizide sind eine bedeutende Rolle spielen.
12 Monate oder mehr - Die jüngsten Studien haben eine Vielzahl von Insekten, um verschiedene Dosierungen von Neonicotinoid Insektiziden über lange Zeiträume ausgesetzt. Neonicotinoid Insektizide sind weit verbreitet weltweit, sie arbeiten durch Einwirkung auf das zentrale Nervensystem des Insekts. Die Chemikalien haben eine geringe Affinität für Wirbeltier-Nervensystems, also sind sie viel weniger giftig für Säugetiere und Vögel.
Die Forscher fanden heraus, dass die gesamte Dosis des Insektizids erforderlich, um die Insekten zu töten kleiner war, wenn über einen längeren Zeitraum (verwaltet Ökotoxikologie (2009) 18:343-354 ). Im Falle von Honigbienen, wurde bis zu 6000 Mal weniger Insektizide benötigt, um sie zu töten, wenn es in mehreren kleinen Dosen über einen längeren Zeitraum verabreicht werden.
Laut Henk Tennekes, Forscher am Experimentelle Toxikologie Services (ETS) in den Niederlanden, diese Erkenntnisse durchaus Sinn. "Starten Sie durch die Berücksichtigung eines hohen Exposition Niveau", sagte er. "Es besteht die Gefahr eines Early-Effekt, wie Krebs oder Mortalität. Auf einem viel niedrigeren Niveau Exposition erhalten Sie unter Umständen eine verspätete Wirkung. Doch wie sich herausstellt, im letzteren Fall benötigen Sie viel weniger von dem Zeug (in Summe), um den Effekt zu produzieren. "Tennekes beschreibt die Ergebnisse in einer der nächsten Papier in Toxicology .
So wie diese Insektizide erreichen eine so starke Langzeitwirkung? Die Antwort liegt in der Art, wie sie arbeiten. Neonicotinoide binden irreversibel an die Rezeptoren im zentralen Nervensystem von Insekten. "Ein Insekt hat eine begrenzte Zahl solcher Rezeptoren", erklärt Jeroen van der Sluijs, ein Wissenschaftler an der Universität Utrecht in den Niederlanden, der ebenfalls an dem Problem gearbeitet hat. "Der Schaden ist kumulativ: mit jeder Aufnahme mehr Rezeptoren sind blockiert, bis der Schaden ist so groß, dass das Insekt kann nicht mehr funktionieren und stirbt."
Selbst kleine Dosen über einen kurzen Zeitraum kann zu schwerwiegenden Problemen. In niedrigen Dosen Insekten beobachtet worden, sich desorientiert und weniger koordiniert in ihren Bewegungen, so dass sie leichter Beute für Raubtiere. Subletalen Effekte wie diese schwächen das Insekt, sie gefährden vor allem soziale Insekten, die auf der ganzen Kolonie gesund sein für das Überleben abhängen.
Im Moment ist es noch nicht möglich zu sagen, wenn Neonicotinoide die alleinige Ursache für CCD in Honigbienen sind, aber es scheint wahrscheinlich, dass sie eine bedeutende Rolle spielen. "Es erklärt den raschen Anstieg der CCD seit 2004, die mit dem rasanten Wachstum in den weltweiten Einsatz der Neonicotinoide zusammenfällt - das am häufigsten verwendete Klasse von Insektiziden", sagte van der Sluijs.
Derzeit sind die Insektizide sind häufig zu beschichten Samen verwendet, unabhängig davon, ob es gibt viele Schadinsekten oder nicht. Sie laugen leicht in Boden und Wasser und werden leicht von Pflanzen aufgenommen, so dass die ganze Pflanze giftig für Insekten. Und als die neuen Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, auch bei sehr niedrigen Niveau, das sie haben das Potenzial, einen riesigen Schaden für Insektenpopulationen verursachen. "Ich denke, diese Insektizide müssen durch weniger langlebige Alternativen, die weniger toxisch für Honigbienen und weniger anfällig für Auslaugung sind, ersetzt werden", sagte Tennekes.
Über den Autor
March 30, 2010 -The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service , in conjunction with the Apiary Inspectors of America , is conducting a voluntary survey to determine the bee colony losses for the 2009/2010 winter. This survey is not just for beekeepers with huge numbers of hives, even small-scale beekeepers are encouraged to participate. The survey takes approximately two minutes, and is completely anonymous.
Datenerhebungen wie dem auch sei entscheidend für das Verständnis Biene bedingten Krankheiten, die Kolonien betreffen, einschließlich Colony Collapse Disorder. Der Anwendungsbereich dieses Problem kann kaum verstanden werden. Laut Peter Borst, ein ehemaliger New York State Bienenhaus Inspektor, niemand weiß wirklich, wie viele Bienenstöcke sind da draußen. Nach Schätzungen des USDA von 2,6 Millionen Bienenvölker in den USA leiten sich ab von nationalen Umfragen und Erhebungen über landwirtschaftliche Betriebe , die nicht zählen, die Tausende von kleinen Imkereien (weniger als fünf Nesselsucht)
verwaltet von Hobby-Imker. Based on Borst's local knowledge, as many as 90% of the local beekeepers may have elected to not register with the state — which is where the national surveys start for the data.
The more beekeepers who participate, the more data the USDA has to work with, which may help researchers get closer to understanding a perplexing problem in our agricultural world. Dr. Jeff Pettis, Research Leader at the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, notes that last year they surveyed beekeepers who managed about half a million colonies. Pettis hopes this year's response to be even greater. 1
If you know a beekeeper with one hive or one hundred, share this information with them. Good research requires good data.
Dear Beekeeper:The Apiary Inspectors of America and the USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory are seeking your help in tabulating the winter losses that occurred over the winter of 2009-2010. This continues the AIA/USDA survey efforts from the past 3 years which has been important in quantifying the losses of honey bees for government, media, and researchers.
This year's survey is faster, easier and does not require your time on the phone. It is all web based and automatic, just fill and click.
Please take a few moments to fill out our winter loss survey at: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/beeloss0910
This survey will be conducted until April 16th, 2010.
We would also appreciate it if you would forward this email to other beekeepers. The more responses the better. If you have any questions or concerns please email beeloss@gmail.com , or Honeybee.Survey@aphis.usda.gov .
Thanks in advance for your assistance.
Jeff Pettis; USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory
Dennis vanEngelsdorp; Penn State University
Jerry Hayes; Florida Department of Agriculture
Dewey Caron; University of Delaware and Oregon State University
What would Rachel Carson say to this story? The business publications are an echo-chamber of headlines reading “procedural issues” were what made spirotetramat illegal to sell, while other blogs and newspapers focus of the press release's spin (harm to bees). The monopoly market publications would like to tell their readers/advertisers that it wasn't banned because of proven harm to the pollinators and ecosystems (the same ecosystems that support the damned economy in the first place), no no… it was banned because the EPA and BayerCrop Science broke the laws , aka “procedures,” and got busted! Why don't they say “legal issues lead to ban of pesticide” or “secret law breaking discovered, leads to pesticide ban” or “NRDC and Xerces were watching while we tried to sell poison without EPA/public approval and they blew the whistle on behalf of science and public laws designed to protect the People from the Corporation”? (see evidence of eco-chamber ) This story reveals the fraud and deceit that is Bayer CropScience and revolving door EPA cronies. It's so easy to sell their poison and bio-warfare in China and Brazil, because those countries don't have public oversight like the USA has with the EPA - Environmental Protection Agency. It's time to review and renew our appreciation and understanding of our EPA . This story is really about the Xerces Society and National Resource Defense Council forcing the EPA to follow its own rules and public protection “procedures.” Had it not been for them, the EPA and Bayer CropScience would have simply violated the law in secrecy and ineptitude, exactly what Bare CrapScience wants to see happen, IMHO. Important to note that well-known commercial beekeepers Dave Hackenberg (and Dave Mendes?) worked with Bayer CropScience to field test the effects of spirotetramat on honeybees in Florida. Click image for PDF of report.
Here's a nice footnote from the Judge Cote's ruling:
It is undisputed that the plaintiffs have standing to bring this case. See Connecticut v. Am. Elec. Power Co., 582 F.3d 309, 339 (2d Cir. 2009) (“An association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when: (a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation ofthe lawsuit.” (citation omitted)).
Judge Pulls Pesticide After Finding Impacts on Bees Inadequately Evaluated by EPA ( Beyond Pesticides , January 4, 2010) – A pesticide that could be dangerously toxic to America's honey bees must be pulled from store shelves as a result of a suit filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Xerces Society. In an order issued in December, a federal court in New York invalidated EPA's approval of the pesticide spirotetramat (manufactured by Bayer CropScience under the trade names Movento and Ultor) and ordered the agency to reevaluate the chemical in compliance with the law. The court's order goes into effect on January 15, 2010, and makes future sales of Movento illegal in the United States. “This sends EPA and Bayer back to the drawing board to reconsider the potential harm to bees caused by this new pesticide,” said NRDC Senior Attorney Aaron Colangelo. “EPA admitted to approving the pesticide illegally, but argued that its violations of the law should have no consequences. The Court disagreed and ordered the pesticide to be taken off the market until it has been properly evaluated. Bayer should not be permitted to run what amounts to an uncontrolled experiment on bees across the country without full consideration of the consequences.” In June 2008, EPA approved Movento for nationwide use on hundreds of different crops, including apples, pears, peaches, oranges, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, almonds, and spinach. The approval process went forward without the advance notice and opportunity for public comment that is required by federal law and EPA's own regulations. In addition, EPA failed to evaluate fully the potential damage to the nation's already beleaguered bee populations or conduct the required analysis of the pesticide's economic, environmental, and social costs. Beekeepers and scientists have expressed concern over Movento's potential impact on beneficial insects such as honey bees. The pesticide impairs the insect's ability to reproduce. EPA's review of Bayer's scientific studies found that trace residues of Movento brought back to the hive by adult bees could cause “significant mortality” and “massive perturbation” to young honeybees (larvae). According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), bees pollinate $15 billion worth of crops grown in America. USDA also claims that one out of every three mouthfuls of food in the typical American diet has a connection to bee pollination. Yet bee colonies in the United States have seen significant declines in recent years due to a combination of stressors, almost certainly including insecticide exposure. “This case underscores the need for us to re-examine how we evaluate the impact of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment,” said Mr. Colangelo. “In approving Movento, EPA identified but ignored potentially serious harms to bees and other pollinators. We are in the midst of a pollinator crisis, with more than a third of our colonies disappearing in recent years. Given how important these creatures are to our food supply, we simply cannot look past these sorts of problems.” View the court decision here . Read Beyond Pesticides' read factsheet: Pollinators and Pesticides: Escalating crisis demands action and Backyard Beekeeping: Providing pollinator habitat one yard at a time . See more information on threats to honey bees at NRDC .
Report on Bee Mortality and Bee Surveillance in Europe
from http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/online/default.asp?Date=12/18/2009
AFSSA, the French Food Safety Agency completed a 218-page report on honey bee mortality and the ways that colony losses are monitored in Europe, December 8, 2009. The European Food Safety Authority commissioned the study and published the report. Initially, AFSSA set up a consortium of seven European bee disease research institutes in France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
The project covers 1) a description and critical analysis of surveillance programs that measured colony loss; 2) the collection and analysis of the epidemiological data sets on colony losses; and 3) a critical review and selection of relevant literature on the possible causes and risk factors of colony losses.
The researchers found that bee colony losses in Europe and the USA are multifactorial which include beekeeping and husbandy practices, environmental factors, biological agents as well as excessive use of pesticides. The interaction of these factors create stress, weaken bees' defense system allowing pests and pathogens to kill the colony.
3.2.3.3 Chemical agents
The debate on chemical agents is mainly concentrated on the agrochemicals used for crop treatments. Neonicotinoids are the focus of the greatest interest in the literature (imidacloprid, clothianidin and fipronil); other publications just mention “pesticides” in general, but certainly with an implicit consideration of neonicotinoids (Figure 75). Scientists are clearly divided on the role of these pesticides, as illustrated in Table 14. Although no involvement of pesticides has been proven for colony losses or CCD, a significant amount of pesticide residues are frequently found in the studies analysing bees, pollen and wax, usually at sublethal levels. A question arises, therefore, about the possibility for a conjunction of chemical residues present in the hive at sublethal concentrations, which may produce a lethal effect or clinical signs affecting the ability of colony to survive. Several authors mention these pesticides as factors contributing to stress or weakening of colonies which, once again, may “open the door” to other causative factors.
3.2.3.2 Biological agents
A significant number of biological agents are reported to be involved in colony losses. Viruses are the biological agents most frequently mentioned (Figure 73). As more than 15 different viruses are known to infect bees, often without any clinical symptoms and since, co-infection with several viruses is not uncommon, they are the subject of much research. Due to their frequent presence, they are found in many colony losses cases where it is very difficult to determine whether they are at the origin of the losses, or just co-factors. Of the eight viruses mentioned in the literature, IABPV is the most frequently mentioned, and some scientists consider it as a “marker” of CCD in the United States (Figure 74). Varroa, Nosema spp and Acarapis woodi infections are the three other most commonly mentioned biological factors. Some scientists consider them to be causative factors in a certain amount of colony losses (for Nosema mainly in Spain). Others consider that they are co- factors, contributing to the stress of the colony or contributing to the “expression” of colony mortality as causative factor of death for a colony already weakened by other stress factors. This is why the factors “multiple infection” and “unidentified disease” appear in the assumptions made by the authors. All these hypotheses open the floor to a debate on possible treatments to prevent or cure these infections. This links together these biological agents with chemical factors and beekeeping practices because beekeeping practices and chemical treatments are used to control infections. The debate on the involvement of the various biological agents is clearly expressed in the author's opinions summarised in Table 13 with a high rate of “possible involvement” and balanced reports between “unlikely” and “very likely”.
3.2.4 Conclusion and perspectives
The work package on literature review allowed the development of a specific methodology for literature search and analysis. The “priority 1″ references selected and reviewed validate the objectivity of the literature search which is expressed through the variability and the balanced topics included. The results of this work regarding risk and causative factors involved in colony losses have to be taken as a “snap shot” of the scientific community's opinion as they are today; these are also “time sensitive”, and evolving due to the amount of ongoing research which will likely lead to new findings and a better understanding of the factors involved in the coming months or years.
To summarise this picture, common consensus amongst the scientific community about the multi-factorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States (in the two aspects of this term: combination of factors at one place and different factors involved according to place and period considered) suggests the following factors are important, namely: beekeeping practices (feeding, migratory beekeeping, colony husbandry, treatments applied and so forth), environmental factors (climate, available forage, biodiversity, etc.), chemical factors (pesticides) or biological agents (Varroa, Nosema spp, etc.) which together create stress, weaken bees' immune systems that then allow pests and pathogens to kill the colony (eg one or several parasites, viruses, etc.).
Figure78. Factors involved in colony losses
Questions remain about the sequence of events that lead to colony mortality, and future studies should be designed and conducted to address this:
- There are many inconsistencies in the ways in which “colony losses” are defined. Up to 17 different definitions for CCD in the literature. This means that involved persons may not always be referring to the same phenomenon, and this creates confusion when trying to explain the origin of what has been identified in the field. The described pathology is varied, with authors/using the same descriptions for different sets of circumstances. A specific study should be undertaken to clearly categorise and quantify the various expressions of colony losses in the field. This study will be closely linked to the strengthening of surveillance systems;
- High concentrations of pesticides have rarely been identified in relation to colony losses (CCD in USA and winter colony losses in Europe) although acute events of pesticide toxicity are well described during the production season (and clearly differentiated from CCD and winter colony losses). However, the questions of possible synergistic effects of various pesticides and the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal doses of pesticides remains, and requires further investigation;
- Biological agents such as parasites, viruses or bacteria, alone or in combination, have clearly been identified as important factors in colony losses. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge about the exact mechanisms and/or interactions involved, that must also be addressed;
- Even though the multifactorial origin of colony losses is well acknowledged, the respective role of each factor as a risk or causative agent is unknown, and no hierarchy of relative threat posed by each one has been established. These matters require further investigation using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies).
Abschluss
This bee surveillance project sought information on both the prevalence of honey bee colony losses, and the surveillance systems respectively in 27 European countries. Through a standardised questionnaire, each of the surveillance systems collecting these data was evaluated. In addition, a thorough literature search of the existing databases, as well as relevant grey literature about causes of colony losses was completed, and the literature evaluated.
The main conclusions from project activities can be summarised as follows:
- General weakness and high variability of most of the surveillance systems in the 25 systems investigated;
- Lack of representative data at country level and comparable data at EU level for colony losses;
- Common consensus of the scientific community about the multifactorial origin of colony losses in Europe and in the United States and insufficient knowledge of causative and risk factors for colony losses.
From these finding the consortium makes the following recommendations:
1. Implementation of a sustainable European network for coordination and follow-up of surveillance, and research on colony losses to underpin monitoring programmes;
2. Strengthen standardization at European level by harmonization of surveillance systems, data collected and by developing common performance indicators;
3. Build on the examples of best practice found in existing surveillance systems on communicable and notifiable diseases already present in some countries;
4. Undertake specific studies that build on the existing work in progress to improve the knowledge and understanding of factors that affect bee health (for example stress caused by pathogens, pesticides, environmental and technological factors and their interactions) using appropriate epidemiological studies (case control and longitudinal studies);
5. The set up of the coordination team at European level. This is a crucial issue and the coordination team should be organized in such a way so as to ensure its sustainability and to enable effective surveillance programme activities at the European level.
Complete report attached and also here: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/27e.htm
Beekeeper: No need to kill bees for the Padres
Removing bees live is less dangerous than trying to kill them, a professional beekeeper writes.
Friday, July 3, 2009
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An unidentified usher tries to move a swarm of bees as they cover a chair in left field during the ninth inning of the Padres game on Thursday. (AP Photo/Denis Poroy)
A honey bee swarm delayed an Astros-Padres' baseball game for 52 minutes on Thursday, while a “beekeeper” was called to exterminate them.
I was appalled that a swarm of bees was destroyed in front of thousands of baseball fans! How many more people, probably millions, that saw the incident on national TV now have the message that it is necessary or advisable to kill a swarm of bees this way?
I was disgusted and horrified. I remove swarms of honey bees alive every day. Beekeepers do not exterminate bees!
Something had to be done quickly at Petco Park of course. But exterminating them took as long as it would to collect them, and stirred the remaining bees into a frenzy. I contend that far from being the safe option, this was a risky one.
Benign swarm
Bees in a swarm are at their most benign. When a colony becomes too crowded, the workers create a new queen. Just before the new queen hatches, the old queen leaves the hive with a large proportion of the workers, headed for a new location. This is how new bee hives are created.
Before they depart the hive, the bees fill up with honey to sustain them until they can start foraging again. They're feeling pretty good, just as you do after a good meal.
They have no hive to defend so are very unlikely to sting anyone. In fact, since they are full of honey, it's physically difficult for them to sting.
This cluster of bees is called a swarm. They collect somewhere temporarily while the scout bees look for a permanent new location. This is what we saw at Petco Park on Thursday.
Urban myth of killer bees
I frequently collect swarms without any protective clothing. It shouldn't be necessary.
In more than 20 years of keeping bees, I have collected hundreds of swarms. I have never come across a credible story of anyone being attacked by a swarm of bees. I believe it is an urban myth.
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Bees under threat
Honey bees are under a serious threat at the moment. Colonies have been mysteriously dying, not only in the US, but across most of Europe. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) leaves the hive completely devoid of bees.
The cause is not known but it is very worrying. Bees account for much of the fresh food we eat by way of pollination.
Farmers, not known for throwing money about, spend billions of dollars annually to rent hives of bees from commercial beekeepers to pollinate crops.
Crops depend on honey bees
Who hasn't heard that bees are in trouble? We need honey bees. It has been said that one third of all food grown depends on honey bees for pollination. What kind of message does killing 20,000 bees on national television send to the public?
I know people were frightened. But if they had called a true beekeeper, not an exterminator, the bees would have been removed humanely, alive, without the risk of those stray bees, which remained after the exterminator sprayed them.
In some parts of the world it is illegal to exterminate bees unless a beekeeper has inspected the situation and been unable to remove them alive. This should be the case in the United States.
Padres' response
Richard Andersen, Executive VP, Ballpark Management & General Manager of PETCO Park, called me in response to an email I sent. He was very keen to get the facts and I'm sure in future they will try to take the socially responsible action. The Padres won an award.
Tom Garfinkel quipped that Luke Yoder, Padres' director of field and landscape maintenance, has a beekeeper on speed-dial. I say next time, call a professional beekeeper to do the right thing!
There is a network of true beekeepers who would respond straightaway in circumstances like these.
Geoff Kipps-Bolton is owner of San Diego Bees and www.bees-on-the-net.com.
http://www.sdnn.com/sandiego/2009-07-03/news/beekeeper-no-need-to-kill-bees-for-the-padres
Kim Flottum found out for us (thaaaaaank youuu!)
A year ago USDA CSREES (Cooperative State Research Extension Education Service) awarded a $4.1 million grant to a group of university researchers for the express purpose of solving the current honey bee health problems confronting the beekeeping industry. Without actually nailing it down, this was a project to look into the current Colony Collapse Disorder malady and, over four years, find out what was going on. But at the same time the grant was to fund an extensive education program for beekeepers, and to develop as much information as possible so beekeepers could keep their bees healthy, and had a place to go for questions … and answers. Moreover, 25% of the funds were to go to study non-apis pollinators, such as bumble bees, alfalfa leaf-cutting bees and the like. To date, this is the only government money to be distributed to beekeeping researchers to study this problem other than normal budgetary funds to keep the USDA projects up and running.
So what's happened in a year? I'm glad you asked, because I wanted to know too. So I ventured to the University of Georgia in Athens to visit with Dr. Keith Delaplane , the leader of this large and varied group studying this large and varied problem.
In this first year each of the cooperators in the program have hired the people they need to work with or brought on board the grad students who will do the work or the post-doc who will assist in the project. Probably the biggest accomplishment so far, said Dr. Delaplane, is the establishment of the seven stationary apiaries to monitor honey bee health and the environment. These apiaries, consisting of 30 colonies each, are in Maine, Florida, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Texas, Washington and California. Each is administered by one of the researchers and will be managed using the techniques particular to their respective locations … bees in Minnesota are not managed on the same calendar or with the same methods as those bees in Texas, for instance. But each area does have best management practices that reflect these differences, and those will be followed.
However, one constant is that each colony in each of these apiaries will be sampled once a month for the duration of the study to look at what's going on inside. Samples of bees, honey and wax will be taken, and measurements of bees and brood will all be taken routinely. The samples will go to a lab at Penn State to look for viruses and nosema disease, to the University of Minnesota to count nosema spores, and to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station to look at the pollen and wax samples for residues of agricultural pesticides. At the same time, USDA scientists will be taking identical samples, and doing identical counts from a series of migratory beekeeping operations. Samples and data will be identical from each apiary and each migratory operation, and at the end the mountain of data will be easily comparable and very useful, said Delaplane.
Because this grant also covers non-apis bees (that is, bees that are not honey bees) identical samples will be taken from managed non-apis bees at each of the apiary sites. Scientists are looking for cross infections or other relationships.
Other non-apis projects include looking at increasing the efficiency and reducing the stress of managed bumblebees when used for pollination. The effects of the neonicitinoid pesticides on non-apis bees are also being studied, and especially the sub-lethal effects and any effects from residues. This should be interesting.
Meanwhile, the Extension and Education part of this has moved right along, and in July the USDA is launching its eXtension.org website. It is to be a one-stop shopping experience for agricultural information. The honey bee health section is housed and administered from the University of Kentucky in Lexington. All of the information that goes on this web page, the bee page included, is well-researched and well-refereed work, with oversight by a large team of honey bee scientists. There will be a Frequently Asked Questions section, an Ask The Expert question, Best Management Guides section and more. All coming from the Bee Health Community group. This effort will be federally supported, but all states will contribute with funds from their individual extension budgets. This will, over time I imagine, erode the personnel in each state's Extension core. Unfortunate, but at least there won't be a vacuum left behind.
Other Funded Bee Research
- Investigating the genetic makeup of the varroa mite
University and USDA scientists in Texas and IN are looking at this from the molecular level, looking for those genes responsible for the varroa -sensitive hygienic behavior. This trait allows bees to detect larva in a capped cell that have varroa and remove them. This keeps the mite's populations in check without chemicals. Moreover, once identified queen producers will be able to certify that their bees do have the gene and should exhibit that behavior. - Understanding honey bee viruses
Scientists at Penn State are doing cage studies with bees looking at the effects of individual viruses, and then the effects of different viruses combined. - Untangling the health effects of nosema parasites
Many insects species suffer from different species of nosema … is looking at this disease, while scientists at Michigan and Kentucky are trying to produce honey bees with only a single problem … nosema apis , or nosema ceranae , but not other problems at the same time. Once isolated, they will then look at these diseases in combination with viruses, and combinations of viruses. - Understanding the effects of miticides (pesticides)
Lab studies looking at the effects of individual and the synergism of the all of the miticides beekeepers use in a hive are being conducted in Nebraska. Along the same lines, effects of these chemicals on queen viability and drone sperm production are being looked at. - Investigating the effects of farm pesticides
Ag chemicals have been blamed for much/some/all/none of colony collapse disorder – take your pick. But that should be answered by studies looking at the effects of these on larvae and nurse bees. That should be interesting, but the funding for this particular project is still on hold. - Rearing healthy queen bees
Think Globally, but act Locally is kind of the theme for the work being done in Washington and New York. Genetic diversity seems to be lacking, at least in some operations due to the small number of commercial beekeepers producing queens. Thus, more queen producers are needed and they should be more localized and regional rather than all coming from a central location, goes the thinking. Researchers will be setting up educational programs to develop local and regional queen production operations to capitalize on the diversity of a lot of regions. But first they have to find some…that's what they are doing now.
So, after year one, seven stationary apiaries are set up and running, along with migratory operations being sampled, a host of research projects are up and running, or are almost there, and the eXtension web page, loaded with tons of honey bee health information is due to be launched next month. $4.1 million, one year later.
See comments:
http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/blogs/bees/colony-collapse-disorder-88061601?src=rss
Public release date: 4-Jun-2009
Contact: Dennis O'Brien
dennis.obrien@ars.usda.gov
301-504-1624
Public Library of Science
Bee-killing parasite genome sequenced
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have sequenced the genome of a parasite that can kill honey bees. Nosema ceranae is one of many pathogens suspected of contributing to the current bee population decline, termed colony collapse disorder (CCD). Researchers describe the parasite's genome in a study published June 5 in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens .
In 2006, CCD began devastating commercial beekeeping operations, with some beekeepers reporting losses of up to 90 percent, according to the USDA. Researchers believe CCD may be the result of a combination of pathogens, parasites and stress factors, but the cause remains elusive. At stake are honey bees that play a valuable part in a $15 billion industry of crop farming in the United States.
The microsporidian Nosema is a fungus-related microbe that produces spores that bees consume when they forage. Infection spreads from their digestive tract to other tissues. Within weeks, colonies are either wiped out or lose much of their strength. Nosema apis was the leading cause of microsporidia infections among domestic bee colonies until recently when N. ceranae jumped from Asian honey bees to the European honey bees used commercially in the United States.
The ARS scientists used genetic tools and microscopic analysis at the ARS Bee Research Laboratory (BRL) in Beltsville, Maryland to examine N. ceranae . They collaborated with colleagues at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York, and 454 Life Sciences, of Branford, Connecticut.
Sequencing the genome should help scientists trace the parasite's migration patterns, determine how it became dominant, and help resolve the spread of infection by enabling the development of diagnostic tests and treatments.
ARS is a scientific research agency in the US Department of Agriculture.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Supported by the USDA-ARS Administrator fund, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (JDE, JC, JP), North America Pollinator Protection Campaign, www.pollinator.org (JE, JC), USDA-NRI grant # 2002-0256, www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (JE), Northeast Biodefense Center Grant # U54AI57158, www.nbc.columbia.edu (WIL), and Google.org Contract # 17-2008, www.google.org (WIL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this paper is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
COMPETING INTERESTS: ME, SH, and BD are employed by 454 Life Sciences/Roche Applied Sciences.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000464 (link will go live upon embargo lift)
CITATION: Cornman RS, Chen YP, Schatz MC, Street C, Zhao Y, et al. (2009) Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees. PLoS Pathog 5(6): e1000466. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000466
Haftungsausschluss
This press release refers to an upcoming article in PLoS Pathogens . The release is provided by the article authors and/or their institutions. Any opinions expressed in these releases or articles are the personal views of the journal staff and/or article contributors, and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of PLoS. PLoS expressly disclaims any and all warranties and liability in connection with the information found in the releases and articles and your use of such information.
About PLoS Pathogens
PLoS Pathogens ( www.plospathogens.org ) publishes outstanding original articles that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with their host organisms. All works published in PLoS Pathogens are open access. Everything is immediately available subject only to the condition that the original authorship and source are properly attributed. Copyright is retained by the authors. The Public Library of Science uses the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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Pesticides indicted in bee deaths
Agriculture officials have renewed their scrutiny of the world's best-selling pest-killer as they try to solve the mysterious collapse of the nation's hives.
By Julia Scott
Salon.com
http://www.salon.com/env/feature/2009/05/18/bees_pesticides/
May 18, 2009 - Gene Brandi will always rue the summer of 2007. That's when the California beekeeper rented half his honeybees, or 1,000 hives, to a watermelon farmer in the San Joaquin Valley at pollination time. The following winter, 50 percent of Brandi's bees were dead.
“They pretty much disappeared,” says Brandi, who's been keeping bees for 35 years.Since the advent in 2006 of colony collapse disorder , the mysterious ailment that continues to decimate hives across the country, Brandi has grown accustomed to seeing up to 40 percent of his bees vanish each year, simply leave the hive in search of food and never come back. But this was different. Instead of losing bees from all his colonies, Brandi watched the ones that skipped watermelon duty continue to thrive.
Brandi discovered the watermelon farmer had irrigated his plants with imidacloprid, the world's best-selling insecticide created by Bayer CropScience Inc. , one of the world's leading producers of pesticides and genetically modified vegetable seeds, with annual sales of $8.6 billion. Blended with water and applied to the soil, imidacloprid creates a moist mixture the bees likely drank from on a hot day.
Stories like Brandi's have become so common that the National Honeybee Advisory Board, which represents the two biggest beekeeper associations in the US, recently asked the US Environmental Protection Agency to ban the product. “We believe imidacloprid kills bees — specifically, that it causes bee colonies to collapse,” says Clint Walker, co-chairman of the board.
Beekeepers have singled out imidacloprid and its chemical cousin clothianidin, also produced by Bayer CropScience, as a cause of bee die-offs around the world for over a decade. More recently, the same products have been blamed by American beekeepers, who claim the product is a cause of colony collapse disorder, which has cost many commercial US beekeepers at least a third of their bees since 2006, and threatens the reliability of the world's food supply.
Scientists have started to turn their attention to both products, which are receiving new scrutiny in the US, due to a disclosure in December 2007 by Bayer CropScience itself. Bayer scientists found imidacloprid in the nectar and pollen of flowering trees and shrubs at concentrations high enough to kill a honeybee in minutes. The disclosure recently set in motion product reviews by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the EPA. The tests are scheduled to wrap up in 2014, though environmentalists, including the Sierra Club, are petitioning the EPA to speed up the work.
For over a decade, Bayer CropScience has been forced to defend the family of insecticides against calls for a ban by beekeepers and environmentalists. French beekeepers succeeded in having imidacloprid banned for use on several crops after a third of the country's bees died following its use in 1999 — although the French bee population never quite rebounded, as Bayer is quick to point out. Germany banned the use of clothianidin and seven other insecticides in 2008 after tests implicated them in killing up to 60 percent of honeybees in southwest Germany.
Imidacloprid and clothianidin are chloronicotinoids, a synthetic compound that combines nicotine, a powerful toxin, with chlorine to attack an insect's nervous system. The chemical is applied to the seed of a plant, added to soil, or sprayed on a crop and spreads to every corner of the plant's tissue, killing the pests that feed on it.Pennsylvania beekeeper John Macdonald has been keeping bees for over 30 years and recently became convinced that imidacloprid is linked to colony collapse disorder. It's the only explanation he can find for why his bees, whose hives border farmland that uses the pesticide, started dropping dead a few years ago.
“There's the pernicious toxic effect — it does everything nicotine does to our nervous system,” says Macdonald. “There's the pathological effect, the interference with basic functions. They get lost, they get disoriented. They fall to the ground. They get paralyzed and their wings stick out. I can't think of anything in the environment that's changed other than farming, and virtually every farmer is using treated seeds now.”
Bayer CropScience spokesman Jack Boyne says his company's pesticides are not to blame. “We do a lot of research on our products and we feel like we have a very good body of evidence to suggest that pesticides, including insecticides, are not the cause of colony collapse disorder,” he says. “Pesticides have been around for a lot of years now and honeybee collapse has only been a factor for the last few years.” (Imidacloprid has been approved for use in the US since 1994 and clothianidin has been used since 2003.)
Scientists continue to investigate the causes of colony collapse disorder. Leading theories suggest a combination of factors that include parasitic mites, disease, malnutrition and environmental contaminants like pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. The current EPA review will provide further insight into the role of pesticides, as it will uncover whether honeybees sickened by exposure to imidacloprid spread it around by bringing contaminated nectar and pollen back to the hive.
EPA critics suggest that the agency allowed economic considerations to take precedence over the well-being of honeybees when it approved imidacloprid for sale in the US 15 years ago. “I think the EPA and USDA [US Department of Agriculture] have been covering up for Bayer, and now they're scrambling to do something about it,” says Neil Carman, a plant biologist who advises the Sierra Club on pesticides and other issues. “This review should have been done 10 years ago. It's been found to be more persistent in the environment than was reported by Bayer.”
Imidacloprid was approved with knowledge that the product, marketed as Gaucho, Confidor, Admire and others, was lethal to honeybees under certain circumstances. Today the EPA's own literature calls it “ very highly toxic ” to honeybees and other beneficial insects. Its workaround was to slap a label on the product, warning farmers not to spray it on a plant when bees were foraging in the neighborhood.
In its 2007 studies, Bayer applied standard doses of imidacloprid to test trees, including apple, lime and dogwood. Its scientists found imidacloprid in nectar at concentrations of up to 4,000 parts per billion, a dose high enough to kill several bees at once. (Honeybees can withstand a dose of up to 185 ppb, the standard amount it would take to kill 50 percent of a test population.) What caught the attention of California agricultural officials was that the test trees contained the same amount of deadly imidacloprid as the citrus and almond groves regularly sprayed by farmers, and pollinated by bees. (California's almond industry has increased its use of imidacloprid by a factor of 300 in the past five years.) Agricultural officials were also surprised to learn that the imidacloprid can persist in the leaves and blossoms of a plant for more than a year.
The Bayer results don't surprise University of California at Davis professor Eric Mussen, a well-known entomologist and one of the country's leading experts on colony collapse disorder. Mussen has seen a variety of unpublished studies with similar results, including one at UC Riverside that found imidacloprid in the nectar of a eucalyptus tree bloom at concentrations of 550 ppb a full year after it was applied.
“From some of the data on the trees, it appears as though there are situations where honeybees can get into truly toxic doses of the material,” says Mussen, who avoids spraying imidacloprid on his own demonstration fields at UC Davis. “This the first time that we've had something you put in a tree that could stay there for a long time.”
But Mussen isn't convinced imidacloprid is a primary cause of the honeybee die-off. He explains that some bees settle on fields of sunflowers and canola treated with the chemical and then “fly right through to next year.” So imidacloprid is not the only story. “Could it be part of the story?” he asks. “I'm sure. I think any of the pesticides the bees bring back to the beehive is hurting the bees.”
Mussen adds that ongoing research into chronic exposure to insecticides will be crucial. It's likely, he says, that exposure to even low doses acts like a one-two punch: It can weaken the bees until a parasite or pathogen moves in to finish them off.
As the EPA begins its pesticide studies this year, skeptics wonder whether the agency can conduct an unbiased review. Back in 2003, they point out, the EPA reported that clothianidin was “ highly toxic to honeybees on an acute contact basis,” and suggested that chronic exposure could lead to effects on the larvae and reproductive effects on the queen. Although the EPA asked Bayer for further studies of its effects on honeybees, it nevertheless authorized the chemical for market.
“If the EPA had sufficient concern about harm to bees that they would insist on other studies, it seemed unwise to approve it anyway and ask for research after the fact,” says Aaron Colangelo, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The EPA's job is to make a decision about whether a chemical is safe or not.”
Colangelo envisions a similar scenario in coming years. The EPA has announced it will review clothianidin and other chemicals in the same family, but not until 2012. In the meantime, there's nothing stopping the agency from approving the insecticides for use on new crops based on existing policies. In the end, Colangelo has little confidence the federal agency will bring a hammer down on the agribusiness giant. The EPA, he explains, often keeps its test results confidential for proprietary reasons at a company's request. As a consequence, it's unclear where gaps or discrepancies occur until a company makes a disclosure similar to Bayer's.
“They're not making decisions about whether the pesticide can be put on the market based on impacts to bees, no matter how much evidence of harm there is,” Colangelo says. “The EPA will just approve it anyway and put a warning label on the product.”
Halting the sale of pesticides, though, would be no mean task. Over 120 countries use imidacloprid under the Bayer label on more than 140 crop varieties, as well as on termites, flea collars and home garden landscaping. And the product's patent expired a few years ago, paving the way for it to be sold as a generic insecticide by dozens of smaller corporations. In California alone, imidacloprid is the central ingredient in 247 separate products sold by 50 different companies.
In a statement, the EPA says that before banning a pesticide, it “must find that an 'imminent hazard' exists. The federal courts have ruled that to make this finding, EPA must conclude, among other things, that there is a substantial likelihood that imminent, serious harm will be experienced from use of the pesticide.” The EPA did not clarify what is meant by “imminent hazard” and why the death of honeybees does not qualify.
As Mussen points out, though, a few million dead honeybees may be the cost of doing business. “If they didn't register products that were toxic to honeybees, there wouldn't be a lot of products on the market that were available for pest control.”
All the more reason to start taking the world's most ubiquitous insecticide off the market and invent a safer one, argues Walker, of the National Honeybee Advisory Board. “It's on every golf course, it's on every lawn. It's not just an agricultural product. There's really not one part of our lives it's not touching.”
YOUR HELP IS NEEDED TO SECURE FARM BILL FUNDING
FOR NATIVE AND MANAGED POLLINATOR RESEARCH
Please contact your Senators and ask them to sign on to a letter by Senator Boxer in support of vital research on agricultural pollinators. Please read below for additional information. The deadline for Senators to sign on to this letter is Wednesday, May 6.
Find the contact information for your Senator's office
Thank you,
Scott Hoffman Black
Executive Director, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Providing funding for research into the causes and remedies of honey bee and native bee declines is a critical step in pollinator conservation.
Please take a moment to call or write your Senator, let them know how important pollinators are, and ask them to 1) support this appropriation and 2) contact Senator Boxer's office to sign on to this important letter.
Senator Boxer has written a letter requesting that the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee allocate $20 million in Fiscal Year 2010 for pollinator research projects as authorized in the 2008 Farm Bill. These funds will increase the resilience and security of our farming systems by supporting vital research into Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in managed honeybees and to promote the health of honey bees and native pollinators through habitat conservation and best management practices.
BACKGROUND
As you may know, the 2008 Farm Bill includes language authorizing $100 million over five years to further our scientific understanding of the essential agricultural services pollinators provide our nation. The letter only seeks to fully fund critical provisions that were recently signed into law through legislative consensus.
Managed and native pollinators, such as honey bees, bumble bees, and other native bees, are needed for the production of over $18 billion (and possibly as much as $27 billion) per year in agricultural products in the US These animals are required for 35 percent of the world's crop production. Yet, total pollinator spending at USDA in the 2008 Fiscal Year accounted for merely 0.01 percent of the agency's budget. Without pollinators, our current yields of alfalfa, almonds, apples, cherries, cranberries, blueberries, kiwifruit, strawberries, melons, squash, peppers, peaches, pears, plums, carrot, onion, and other seed crops, would not be possible.
Arising in 2006, the as yet unexplained phenomenon termed Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) diminished our nation's already dwindling honey bee colonies, and highlighted our relative ignorance of the complex systems that support animal pollinated food production. It is vitally important to conduct research to better understand and solve this problem.
Studies in other developed nations have well documented a diminished presence of honey bees and other vital pollinators in interdependent agricultural and ecological systems, but much information is lacking in the US A major conclusion of a comprehensive study by the National Academy of Sciences in 2007 found that for most North American pollinator species, long-term population data are lacking and knowledge of their basic ecology is incomplete.
Funding for pollinator research will protect the health, future, safety, and sustainability of our nation's most nutritional food crops. These funds will ensure that we base our sustainable future in agriculture on a more comprehensive understanding of the science that supports it.
Thank you for your help in this effort.
Read more about the 2008 Farm Bill Benefits to Crop Pollinators >>
Read more about the Xerces Society Agricultural Pollinator Conservation Program >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation resources >>
Browse the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation publications >>
ABOUT THE XERCES SOCIETY
The Xerces Society is an international, nonprofit organization that protects wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat. For over three decades, the Society has been at the forefront of invertebrate conservation, harnessing the knowledge of scientists and the enthusiasm of citizens to implement conservation programs.
Ok. I'm finally done laughing at my headline. I came across the GrowBetterVeggies gardening blog while looking for bulbing fennel advice. Turns out to be a gardening resource worth pollinating! Not only does she prep her tomato transplant holes with fish heads, she's got a beekeeping class. There's a lot more: compost-heated greenhouse and essays from her gardening students , really nice stories. (I can't blog too much here about the regenerative revival in organic farming, the Greenhorns as some call them.) Also, if you want to see a well-monetized blog, this is it. (Sheesh) The photos and instruction are grade A. It's really a fantastic example of a well-purposed blog for a farm-to-restaurant business that in effect showcases their legacy. Cynthia Sandberg gets to be my mentor in the garden! Thanks. DNR-
Our “ anarchy apiary ” in New York appeared to lose about half of the hives wintered there. Some died recently of starvation, others had more squatter field mice who scampered out of the hive suckling babies stuck to their bellies. Eviction. No mysteries behind the losses. Several hives survived as well, from bees bred from local queens.
These pics were take last week, April 20th or so.
This is an UN-identified insect that I'd like comment on from an expert. What is it? Dragonfly nymph? (see comments for answer!)
Read a great New York Times column by Leon Kreitzman about the circadian rhythms of honeybees and Carl Linnaeus' floral clock idea . -DNR
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I checked my hive in New York and discovered some furry squatters, to my deep dismay. Check out the galleries to see the story. The bees were installed in mid-June and may have run out of food stores throughout winter. Comment if you'd like. Now I'm swarm hunting soon … (The other top bar hives that Anarchy Apiaries has nearby are looking lively, though it's been chilly.)
With bad news, there's always good news… despite my loss, I've gained hope from the White House's Organic Garden and news of their choice of using varroa-resistant Russians in their beehive !































